Class _E47j£ — 
Copyright N° 

COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT. 



\ 



Key To Histokical Map of New York on 
Following Page 

Battles — B Bemis Heights (1st Saratoga); N Ben- 
nington; Oriskany; S Stillwater (2d Saratoga); Y 
Valcour Island. 

Forts — a Ann, b Bull, c Clinton, ep Crown Point, 
d De la Gallette, e Edward, f Frontenac, h Herkimer, 
hu Hunter, 1 Lee, m Montgomery, n Niagara, o On- 
tario, s Schuyler, st Stanwix, sp Stony Point, t Ticon- 
deroga, w Washington, wp West Point, wh Wm. 
Henry. 

Places — 1 Albany, 2 Brooklyn, 3 Cherry Valley, 
4 Cooperstown, 5 Esopus (Kingston), 6 Johnstown, 
7 Newtown (Elmira), 8 Ogdensburg, 9 Oswego, 
10 Peekskill, 11 Plattsburg, 12 Tappan, 13 Tarry- 
town, 14 White Plains. 



FUNDAMENTAL FACTS 



OF 



American History 



CONSISTING OF FULL ANSWERS TO ALL THE EXAMINA- 
TIONS IN THAT SUBJECT GIVEN BY THE REGENTS 
OF THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW 
YORK, 1895-1904, ARRANGED IN ACCORD- 
ANCE WITH THE REGENTS SYLLA- 
BUS OF AMERICAN HISTORY 




BY 



C. W. BARDKKN 



EDITOR OF THE SCHOOL BULLETIN 




SYRACUSE, N. Y 



C. W. BARDEEN, Publisher 



Copyright, 1906, by C. W. Babdeen 



PREFACE 

What are the fundamental facts of history ? Beyond 
a few of the great events no two authorities would agree. 
This epitome is based on a novel selection; it contains 
complete answers to all the questions in elementary 
American history given by the regents of the University 
for ten years, including forty examinations, and 600 
questions, with 2126 subdivisions, This is the result 
of the combined work of many men, all familiar with 
the subject, accustomed to make questions, and re- 
gardful of perspective. They are not likely to have 
missed any very important fact, and one who can an- 
swer all these questions may feel that he is well 
grounded in the outline of the subject. 

To have put an adequate answer after each question 
would have occupied several volumes as large as this, 
since many questions are repeated over and over, as for 
instance the causes and the results of the French and 
Indian war. So the answers are arranged consecutively, 
the paragraphs numbered, and reference given in the 
key to those paragraphs. Moreover the answers follow 
the order laid down in the new regents syllabus, and 
are by a distinct notation in heavy type numbered 
according to that, thus enabling the teacher following 
that syllabus to use this manual as a help in the lesson 
of the day. 

There is a good deal of material here that can not 
5 



6 



PREFACE 



readily be found elsewhere. There is no single pub- 
lished text-book that answers all the questions here 
given, and there are some questions to which we have 
not found an answer in any text-book. There are 
proper names not given even in the Index to the En- 
cyclopedia Britannica, and there are not a few questions 
that it would tax any teacher to answer who had not 
ready reference to a large library. There are maps that 
had to be made especially for this book — that on p. 8 
for instance; and that on p. 139 taken in connection 
with the list of battles that follows will be found a 
help not elsewhere available for those who are teaching 
the civil war. 

The portraits are profuse, and will be found a help 
in impressing the memory. The tables are many and 
of a kind to be kept in mind. In fact the teacher will 
find help at many unexpected points. 

But the distinguishing feature of the book is that it 
gives with some fullness all that has been required in 
American history in ten years in the most celebrated 
examinations in educational history, and does not give 
anything else. From this most authoritative of stand- 
ards, it gives, as it undertakes to, the fundamental facts. 
By itself, therefore, or as a review when other books 
have been used, it has a unique value. It has cost a 
good deal of labor and the author trusts it may furnish 
a good deal of help. 

Syracuse, N. Y., March 26, 1906 



Explorations. — aaa De Soto, bbb Marquette, 
c c c Champlain, d d d Lewis and Clark, s S s La Salle. 
'Columbus, 1st voyage, w m v, 2d p q m, 3d t y m, 4th 
tnu. 

Settlements. — e Sante Fe, f St. Augustine, g 
Jamestown, h Plymouth, k Honduras, 1 Montreal (to 
west), Quebec (to east), ra Cuba, n Nicaraugua, 
O Port Royal (Annapolis), p Porto Rico, q Ja- 
snaica, t Trinidad, u Panama, v Hayti, y Cape Paria. 



Fundemental Facts in 
American History 

Note— The letters and numerals in heavy type refer to the Regents Syllabus . 
in American History 

12 1 The mariner's compass had appeared in Eur- 
ope in the 12th century and by 1492 was in general 
use, enabling mariners to direct their vessels and find 
their positions upon the sea when the stars could not 
be seen. The invention of gunpowder, first used in war 
about 1350, enabled the invaders of America to beat 
the savages. The invention of printing, about 1450, 
spread the news of discovery and aroused appetite 
for it. 

a 2 Biorne Herjulfson is said to have seen the cliffs 
of Labrador in 986, Lief Ericson to have reached 
American shores in 1000-1001, Thorwald Ericson in 
1002, Thorfinn Karlsefue in 1007-9, Helge and Fim- 
borge in 1011. But whatsoever may be true of these 
stories, it is believed that these men regarded the 
American coast as fishing grounds and as part of the 
old world. 

c 3 Christopher Columbus (1436-1506), a Genoese 
sailor and map maker, planned a short route to the 
East Indies by sailing westward. The trade of Genoa 
and Venice with the east was large, but the voyage 
about the cape of Good Hope was long and there was 
much danger from pirates, while the overland route 
and that through the isthmus of Suez were fraught, 
with dangers. 

9 



10 



DISCOVERY AND EXPLORATIONS [I C-3 a 



4 The general belief was that the earth was flat, 
and it was thought to be even impious to suggest that 
it was round. But he believed it was round, though 
he had no conception of its size and thought a short 
voyage westward would bring him to Asia. 

5 He applied to his native Genoa, to the King of 
Portugal, and to Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain, 
finally enlisting the latter after the fall of Grenada in 
1492. The port of Palos was chosen because it was 
in debt to the crown, and was ordered to furnish two 
armed vessels. With these and one more he sailed 
from there Aug. 3, 1492. 

d 6 After innumerable discouragements leading 
almost to mutiny he landed Oct 12, on a Bahama 
island (w on map p. 8), and discovered also Cuba and 
Hayti. The result was momentous. It seemed to 
prove that the earth was round, and it opened up an 
entirely new field of discovery. 

7 In the fall of 1493 he sailed again, landing at LaNav- 
idad, planting an island at Santo Domingo in the island 
of Hati, and remaining in the West Indies till 1496. 

On his third voyage, in 1498, he reached Trinidad 
and the mainland at the mouth of the Orinoco. He 
continued to the West Indies, but found Bobadilla in 
power,and was sent in chains to Spain,but soon released. 
On his 4th voyage, 1502-4, he explored the coast of 
Central America, landing at Honduras and going south 
to Panama. 

e He returned feeble and ill, got scant courtesy at 
court, and died a disgraced man. His discoveries 
dissapointed the Spaniards because they did not bring 
the riches expected, or provide the desired route to the 



[4-12 



SPANISH SETTLEMENTS 



11 



east. He never knew that he had discovered a con- 
tinent and did not even give it his name. 

3 a 8 Amerigo Vespuccio (1452-1512) was a Floren- 
tine in the employ of the Medici, who made four 
voyages to America, two in Spanish and two in 
Portugese service. On account of his discovery of 
Brazil, 1501-2, a teacher of geography in Lorraine in 
1507 proposed his name, Vespucci's "Introduction to 
Cosmography' ' adopted the suggestion, and the name 
America spread over the entire continent. 

9 Fernando Magellan (1480-1521) was a Portugese 
who in 1519 sailed under Charles V of Spain deter- 
mined to realize the dream of Columbus to reach the 
East Indies by sailing westward. He explored the 
coast of South America, passed through the strait that 
bears his name, discovered the Ladrone islands, called 
the adjacent ocean the Pacific, reached the Philippine 
islands, and was killed there. One of his ships, the 
Victoria, completed the circumnavigation of the globe. 

10 Fernando De Soto (1496-1512) was a Spaniard 
who accompanied Pizarro in his conquest of Peru. In 
1538 he set out from Spain with 600 men to undertake 
the conquest of Florida, landing in May 1 539, but did 
not find the great wealth of which he was in search. 
For three years he wandered over what are now Ala- 
bama and Mississippi, and in 1541 discovered the Mis- 
sissippi river, on the banks of which he died. 

11 Pedro Menendez de Aviles (?-1574), a Spanish 
commander, founded St. Agustine, the oldest town in 
America, in 1565, and destroyed the French settlement 
at Port Royal (see 27). 

12 From all these explorations in addition to that of 



12 



DISCOVERY AND EXPLORATIONS [1 3 b 



Columbus, Spain claimed Mexico, New Mexico, Flor- 
ida and the West Indies. In 1822 Mexico declared its 
independence, which was recognized by the United 
States in 1822. 

13 Bancroft has summed up the Spanish idea : " No 
sooner had the New World revealed itself to Castile and 
Aragon than the Spanish chivalry of the ocean despised 
the range of Europe as too narrow, and offering to 
their extravagant ambition nothing beyond mediocrity. 
Blending averice and religious zeal, they sailed to the 
west as if they had been bound on a new crusade, for 
which infinate wealth was to reward their piety. Amer- 
ica was the region of romance, where the heated imagi- 
nation could indulge in the boldest delusions ; where 
the simple natives ignorantly wore the most precious 
ornaments ; and by the side of the clear runnels of water 
the sands sparkled with gold. To carve out provinces 
with the sword ; to plunder' the accumulated treasures 
of some ancient Indian dynasty ; to return from a rov- 
ing expedition with a crowd of enslaved captives and a 
profusion of spoils- -became their ordinary dreams. 
Ease, fortune ,lif e — all were squandered in the pursuit. ' ' 

b 14 The French sought their wealth in a more sub- 
stantial way. They fished and fed the people of France 
with the food they took. They traded for furs and thus 
gained control of a most valuable industry. Inciden- 
tally they made the Indians their friends and bound 
them firmer by religious ties. 

In an outline map of Spanish and French explora- 
tions a line encircling the territory explored by the two 
nations will overlap in two prominent instances, — along 
the Atlantic coast south of Virginia and along the lower 



12-16] 



FRENCH SETTLEMENTS 



13 



waters of the Mississippi. The struggle between the 
two nations, a war of religions rather than of races, 
along the coast of South Carolina, is the only instance 
where the two people fought for the possession of the 
continent The struggle for the possession of the mouth 
of the Mississippi was destined to be delayed until the 
English colonists were ready to assert their claim. In 
the main, however, the lands searched over by the two 
nations are seperate and distinct. The course of the 
Spaniards to the south and of the French to the north 
was in the wake of the first discoverers. Columbus 
and his followers made for the West Indies, and there 
established their base of supplies ; the French settlers 
learned the way. to America from their fishermen. 
' ' Within seven years after the discovery of the conti- 
nent, the fisheries of New Foundland were known to 
the hardy sailors of Brittany and Normandy, and con- 
tinued to be frequented." 



16 In 1534 Jacques Cartier (1494-1552) coasted along 
Newfoundland and went up the St. Lawrence, taking 
possession of the shores in the name of the king of 
France. The next year he ascended to Montreal. 



GIOVANNI DE VERRAZANO 
1480-1527 




15 Verrazano, a Florentine 
navigator and pirate, is said 
to have discovered the north 
coast of North America in 
1508. In 1524 he was sent 
out by the French King Fran- 
cis I; he explored it from 30° 
to 50°, and named the terri- 
tory New France. 



14 



DISCOVERY AND EXPLORATIONS [I 3 h, C 



17 In 1604 Pierre de Guast De Monts erected a fort at 
the mouth of the St. Croix, New Brunswick, and made 
a settlement, on the site of Annapolis, calling it Port 
Koyal and the country Acadia. 

18 Champlain visited the West Indies in 1599, re- 
turning by the Isthmus of Panama. In 1603-4 he ex- 
plored the St. Lawrence, in 1604-6 explored and 
mapped the coast as far as Cape Cod, and in 1608 
founded Quebec. In 1609 he joined the Montaguais 
against the Iroquois, ascended the Sorel river and en- 
tered the lake to which he gave his name. In 1615 he 
saw Lake Huron, and joined the Hurons in an attack 
on the Iroquois near Onondaga lake. 

This made the Indians of New York hostile to the 
French, and perhaps determined the result of the 
French and Indian war. 

19 Jacques Marquette (1637-75), a French Jesuit, 
emigrated to Canada in 1666 and through his mission- 
ary work among the Indians about the Great lakes made 
explorations. In 1673 he and Louis Joliet (1645-1700) 
a Quebec Jesuit, started from Mackinaw, ascended Lake 
Michigan, descended the Illinois river to the Missis- 
sippi, and proceeded down the river as far as Arkansas. 
In 1674 he built a log hut on the present site of Chicago. 

20 Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle (1643-87), em- 
igrated to Canada in 1669, visited Lake Michigan and 
the Illinois river, and in 1673 received a grant at Fort 
Frontenac, now Kingston. In 1678 he reached Niagara, 
in 1682 reached the mouth of the Mississippi, and 
claimed the entire region for Louis XIV. In 1684 he 
sailed from France directly for the Mississippi, and was 
murdered in Texas. 



17-23] 



FRENCH SETTLEMENTS 



15 



21 Under these explorations France claimed Acadia 
and the St. Lawrence and Mississippi valleys. Canada 
was a part of this New France after Cham plain's settle- 
ment at Quebec in 1608, but it was over- governed 
under Louis XIV. The French and Indian war re- 
sulted in English triumph, and the French scheme of 
connecting Canada and Louisiana in one great empire 
was a failure. By the treaty of 1763 Canada was given 
to England. 

22 When all the facts concerning the early explora- 
tions of the French and Spanish are summed up, a clear 
line of distinction between the ideas of the two nations 
is apparent. Both people came to get what they could 
and return with their wealth. The Spaniards sought 
it in the shape of gold, either lying about to be picked 
up or better still already gathered by the natives and 
awaiting the plundering European. Failing in this 
they would capture the natives, carry them to Europe 
as slaves, and reap their wealth in the price the slaves 
would bring. 

c 23 Meantime while the Spaniards were wading 
through swamps and the French were plodding through 
snow, slow to see that the greatest wealth of America 
lay not in minerals, fish, or furs, but in the fertile soil 
and the grains it could produce, the Dutch and Eng- 
lish had happened midway upon the fairest part of the 
continent. The Englishmen and Dutchmen were the 
first to dig down into the soil and take deep root in 
American soil, so that finally neither Spanish nor 
French held the most productive parts of North 
America. 



16 



DISCOVER Y AND EXPLORATIONS [I 3C"II 4b 



SEBASTIAN CABOT 
147 M 557 



24 John Cabot, an Ital- 
ian, moved to England 
about 1490, and in 1497 
sailed on a voyage of 
discovery under Henry VII. 
He discovered what was 
supposed to be China, and 
the next year explored the 
coast of North America, 
probably from Labrador to 
Cape Cod. Sebastian, his 

son, accompanied him on his first expedition, and may 
have succeeded him as commander in the second. 
These voyages laid the foundation of England's claim 
to America. 

25 Sir Francis Drake, an 
English sailor, made an 
expedition to Mexico in 
1567 and to South America 
in 1572. He explored the 
Pacific coast 1577-9, and 
returned to England by the 
Pacific and Indian oceans, 

. T . - thus circumnavigating the 

1545-95 globe. 

26 Under these d iscov cries England claimed the entire 
Atlantic coast and we stward indefinitely. How they 
were successful in conflict with the Dutch, who 
claim bI the coast from the Connecticut river to Dela- 
ware, is shown in 10 a ; with the French, in 13; 
with the Swedish, th rough the Dutch, in 10 a. 




24-31] 



VIRGINIA 



17 



B 27 The Huguenots were French adherents of the 
Reformation, who were subjected to severe persecution 
from 1560 to the "Edict of Nantes" in 1598. Hun- 
dreds of thousands immigrated, some of them settling 
in New York, especially near New Rochelle, while 
Admiral Coligny's colonies in 1562 and 1564 built forts 
in Florida. In 1565 the Spanish Menendez destroyed 
the colony. A small band bound for the Carolina in 
1630 landed in Virginia and remained there. A 
settlement in Massachusetts in 1686 was massacred by 
the Indians. By 1737 they had become a strong 
element in South Carolina. 

II 4 a 28 The discovery of anew world roused the 
European government to desire for possession, to in- 
crease their power, to profit by the gold and other 
treasures said to be there in profusion, and to provide 
a market for their own products. 

29 On the other hand there was much temptation to 
become colonists. The poor hoped to become wealthy, 
the obscure or discredited to become influential, the 
ambitious to rise to eminence. The qualities neces- 
sary to success as a colonist were courage, fortitude, 
hardihood, industry, integrity. 

30 The first settlements were near the coast, because 
this region was within reach of connection with 
Europe, and there were no facilities for inland travel. 

b 31 Sir Walter Raleigh (1552-1618) in his expedi- 
tions of 1579, 1584, 1585, and 1587 failed, with little 
other result than the introduction into Europe of to- 
bacco and potatoes, his second colony altogether dis- 



18 



SOUTHERN COLONIES [II 4 b~d 



appearing, but new knowledge of America being 
gained. 



33 The Maryland charter to Lord Baltimore was for 
land north of the Potomac as far as the parallel of 41° 
and to the source of the Potomac in the west, the gov- 
ernment to be in the hands of the proprietor. The 
Virginia charter gave the company power to name the 
members of a local council which was to govern the 
colony. In 1619, however, the company established a 
house of burgesses elected by the people, the first 
elected law-making body in America, which convened 
in Jamestown under Gov. Yeardley, a result of the dis- 
agreement in England between James I and parliament. 

34 During its first season it was threatened by In- 
dians and saved from destruction only by Captain John 
Smith, who has published a boastful history of the 
time, not wholly trustworthy. He was captured in 
1607 by Powhatan, and saved by the Indian chief's 
daughter Pochahontas. In 1609 she saved the colon- 
ists by telling them of an expected attack. She was 
baptized in 1613 in 1614 married John Eolfe, and in 




JAMES I, 1566-1625 
Reigned 1603-25 




C 32 The Londoncompa- 
ny,created in 1606 by James 
I, in Dec. 1606 sent 105 
planters to Jamestown, the 
first permanent English col- 
ony on the continent. The 
charter permitted it to col- 
onize between Cape Fear 
and Long Island, but was 
taken away in 1624. 



31-37] 



RISE OF SLAVERY 



19 



1616 went to England, where she was presented at 
court as Lady Kebecca. She died there, ancestor of 
many of the illustrious families of Virginia. 

35. In 1622 several hundred colonists were massacred 
in an uprising of Indians, and in 1676 it was burned. 
The leading industry was raising tobacco. 

d 36 The first negro slaves were brought to Amer- 
ica in 1619 by a Dutch vessel that landed at the James 
river, where they were found very useful in raising to- 
bacco. In 1713 Great Britain obtained the contract 
for supplying slaves to the Spanish West Indies, which 
stimulated trade. Virginia, Pennsylvania, and other col- 
onies repeatedly prohibited the importation of slaves, 
but Great Britain vetoed such action. During the rev- 
olution most of the states forbade it. When the con- 
stitution was formed the southern states except Mary- 
land and Virginia demanded it, hence it was agreed 
not to prohibit it till 1808. "Mason and Dixon's 
line" (see 11 a), the boundary between Pennsylvania 
and Maryland, became the boundary between slave and 
free states, the latter often known as " Dixie". 

37 In 1792 Eli Whitney, 
who in 1798 established the 
first arms-factory in Amer- 
ica, invented the cotton- 
gin for separating cotton 
from its seeds, which in- 
creased the exportation 
from 189,500 lbs. in 1791 to 
41 million lbs. in 1803. 
This made the cotton crop 
iros-1825 vastly more profitable and 




20 



SOUTHERN COLONIES [II 4 d_, e 



slave-labor to southern planters seemed indispensable. 
The ordinance of 1787 forbade slavery in the N W ter- 
ritory (see 17 e) In 1794 congress forbade Ameri- 
can citizens to carry slaves from one country to 
another, and in 1803 prohibited the introduction of 
slaves into states which had forbidden slavery. 

Thus the question of slavery or involuntary servi- 
tude, under which slaves or the children of slaves were 
the absolute property of their master, became after- 
wards the cause of the civil war. 

For the Missouri compromise see 26 b ; for the Kan- 
sas-Nebraska bill see 33 b ; for the Dred Scott discus- 
sion see 33 c; for the outbreak of the civil war see 34 
Slavery was finally abolished in 1863. 

e 38 Gov. Berkeley (1610-77) was governor of Vir- 
ginia 1642-77 except under Cromwell, during which 
period the colony attained its highest prosperity, with 
more constitutional privileges than the English in the 
northern colonies, including the first representative 
government in America. 

39 He proved so inefficient in dealing wiEh the In- 
dians that the latter made attacks upon the upper 
plantations. Nathaniel Bacon (1636-77) applied for a 
commission against them, which Berkeley refused, not 
daring to have a body of armed men formed which 
might endanger his power. Thereupon Bacon rebel" 1 
and civil war followed. Berkeley retreated to the 
Maryland shore, but returned with a fleet and captured 
Jamestown, which was burned in 1676. He was driven 
back to Maryland, and Bacon was in complete control 
when he suddenly died and the movement collapsed. 

It is difficult to realize that in so short a time an ob- 



37-42] 



MAKYLAND 



21 



scure man like Bacon had gathered an army, beaten 
back the Indians, defied and virtually deposed the 
governor, made himself the leader of the colony, and 
died. One has only to read with care the history of 
this rebellion to see that the necessity of warding off 
attacks of the Indians was merely the surface cause of 
the uprising; below this feeling was the unrest which, 
just a hundred years after Bacon's war upon the Eng- 
lish governor, was embodied in the declaration written 
by a Virginian. 

5 40 The two colonies of Virginia and Maryland, 
lying together between the extreme northern and 
southern settlements, both English, both named from 
English queens, present with all their similarities many 
points of contrast. Virginia attained prosperity with 
extreme slowness; Maryland at once became a thrifty 
colony. Virginia was an asylum for the members of 
the church of England and was intolerant of other be- 
liefs, especially of the Roman Catholics; Maryland was 
settled by the Catholics and was tolerant of all Chris- 
tian beliefs. Virginia suffered much from the attacks 
of the Indians; while Maryland hardly felt the wrath, 
of the savages. Virginia was a bill of expense to the 
company which for a time controlled it; Maryland 
was a source of profit to its proprietor. Both passed 
into royal provinces, Virginia to remain such to the 
revolution, while Maryland turned to its proprietary 
form. 

a 41 Cecil Calvert, 2d Lord Baltimore, got in 1632 
the patent for what are now Delaware and Maryland 
made out for his father, the 1st Lord Baltimore. 

42 The proprietary form of colonial government was, 



22 



SOUTHERN COLONIES 



[II 5 a, b 



among the 13 American provinces, known to Mary- 
land and the two neighboring colonies of Delaware and 
Pennsylvania. Its workings are best seen in Maryland, 
where its proprietor, changing from father to son, as 
it did more than once, was in the main an able and 
just ruler. But he was a monarch, and as such was 
not in accord with the ideas that took root in colonial 
America; and as all that was bad and vicious in Mary- 
land was ever ready to join under a pretended banner 
of freedom, it is difficult at times to get at the truth 
in the history of this colony, 

43 "The charter of Maryland contained the most 
ample rights and privileges ever conferred by a sove- 
reign of England. . . . The proprietary was made abso- 
lute lord of tlie lend and water within its boundaries. 

. . . He could make laws with the assent of the free- 
men of the province, and, in cases of emergency, or- 
dinances not impairing life, limb, or property, with- 
out their assent. . . . The colonists and their descend- 
ants were to remain English subjects, free to visit or 
to leave England without hindrance or tax, to acquire 
or transfer landed or other property in England, and 
to trade freely with England or other foreign ports. 

. . . They could accept or reject the laws proposed by 
the proprietary. . . . The king furthermore bound him- 
self and his successors to lay no tax, customs, subsidies, 
or contributions whatever upon the people of the 
province. . . . 

44 "This charter, by which Maryland was virtually 
a self-governed and independent community, placed 
the destinies of the colonists in their own hands. The 
powers granted to the proprietary might have been 



42-45] 



MARYLAND 



23 



oppressive in the hands of a man less wise, just and 
humane than Cecilius Calvert, who knew when to yield 
and when to stand firm. Though often attacked and 
at times held in abeyance, the charter was never re- 
voked, and was only cast off when the arbitrary power 
of England had violated its pledges, and the people of 
Maryland, having outgrown their minority, were ready 
to take the sovereignity into their own hand."* 

I) 45 In 1635 the first assembly met. Lord Balti- 
more repudiated its acts, and again in 1638 it rejected 
the laws lie ma.de. In 1639 the assembly met again 
and Lord Baltimore allowed the governor to assent 
to their acts, one of them giving Catholics all the 
privileges of Protestants. In 1648 he removed the 
Catholic governor and appointed a Protestant, and in 
1649 the law of toleration was passed giving equal priv- 
ileges to all creeds. In 1652 the governor was removed 
by parliament, but upon the accession of Cromwell 
Lord Baltimore became once more proprietary. Some 
Puritans who had settled there deposed Gov. Stone and 
put in Fuller, and legislation hostile to Catholics re- 
sulted. Stone was defeated, but in 1656 Lord Balti- 
more was sustained, and religious toleration restored. 
Upon accession of the 3d Lord Baltimore in 1675 there 
was anti Catholic agitation, and in 1689 one Corde 
formed an "Association in arms for the defence of the 
protectant religion". Maryland became a crown prov- 
ince, and the church of England was established. 
After the death of the 3d Lord Baltimore in 1^15 the 
proprietaries were once more entrusted with political 
headship. 



•Maryland, American Commonwealths, p. 18. 



24 



SOUTHERN COLONIES 



[II 5 b-6 a 



46 Wm. Claybourne had settled on Kent Island 
under a grant from Virginia and it took a little 
war to displace him. In this rebellion Claybourne 
seemed to use the religious animosities to further his 
own ends, the redress of his personal grievances, the 
overthrow of his adversaries, and the control of the 
province of Maryland. All these objects he attained. 
The ground crumbled under his feet at last, and the 
king's-men at the restoration promptly turned him out 
of his place in the Virginia council even; power had 
already escaped from his grasp in Maryland. Cooke 
says: "Spite of all the fatal bias of the old historians, 
the truth seems to be perfectly plain. The Catholics 
were in the right and Claybourne and the rest were 
not. Neither the famous rebel, nor the Protestants of 
any description had any rights in Maryland save what 
were granted by the Catholics. What they acquired 
beyond this they acquired by force. Claybourne's 
claim to Kent island had been formally repudiated by 
the commissioners of plantations, and thenceforth he 
was an agitator only. . . . But the times were in dis- 
order; the Puritan element had grown powerful; and 
the hardy rebel grasped it and struck at his enemies 
with it." 

C 47 Bancroft says: "The administration of Mary- 
land was marked by conciliation and humanity. To 
foster industry, to promote union, to cherish religious 
peace — these were the honest purposes of Lord 
Baltimore during his long supremacy. The persecuted 
and the unhappy thronged to his domains. The white 
laborer rose rapidly to the condition of a free proprie- 
tor; the female emigrant was sure to improve her 



46-49] 



MARYLAND, THE CAROLINAS 



25 



condition. From France came Huguenots; from 
Germany, from Holland, from Sweden, from Finland, 
it may be, though most rarely, from Piedmont, and 
even Bohemia, the children of misfortune sought 
protection under the tolerant sceptre of the Roman 
Catholic, and were made citizens with equal franchises. 
The people called quakers met for religious worship 
publicly and without interruption, and with secret 
satisfaction George Fox relates that members of the 
legislature and the council .... were present at a . . \ . 
meeting. ' ' 

6 48 Carolina was settled partly from England and 
in 1661 from New England, but mainly in 1651 by 
dissatisfied settlers from Virginia. In 1663 it was 
constituted a territory and assigned to a company of 



South Carolina was made, and Charleston was founded 
in 1680. Many French Huguenots began to settle here, 
as well as Dutch from New York, besides the English 
and Scotch. After the introduction of rice culture in 
1696 South Carolina became prosperous. 

a 49 In 1719 the people threw off the yoke of the 





JOHN LOCKE 
1632-1704 



\ 



7 proprietaries. In 1665 
Englishmen from Barbadoes 
were added. John Locke 
drew up an impractical 
constitution for it, and the 
proprietaries and the people 
were in constant conflict, 
in which the church, siding 
with the proprietaries, was 
an important element. In 
1670 the first settlement in 



26 



NEW ENGLAND 



[II 6 a-III 8 e 



proprietaries and in 1729 the king bought up the charter 
and divided the colonies into North and South Carolina. 

d 50 Georgia was founded in 1733 as a refuge for 
debtors by James Edward Oglethorpe (1698-1735), a 
British officer who in 1732 received a grant for 21 years 
to found such a colony, and in 1733 founded Savan- 
nah. The territory was originally claimed by the 
Spanish government, and in 1633 constituted a part of 
the Carolinas. It was named from George II. In 1741 
Oglethorpe conducted an unsuccessful expedition 
against the Spanish St. Augustine, and in 1742 repelled 
a Spanish attack. He returned to England in 1743. 

Ill 7 51 As early as 1602 Bartholomew Gosnold 
(?-1607) who in 1607 helped Newport to found James- 
town, was appointed by Lord Southhampton to found 
a colony in New England, landed on the coast of 
Maine, sailed around Cape Cod, and planted an 
unsuccessful colony in Buzzard's bay, on the island of 
Cuttyhunk. But the first permanent settlement 
here was made by the Pilgrims. 

a 52 Because the pope would not grant him a 
divorce, Henry VIII was declared the head of the 
Catholic church in England. This led to dissatisfac- 
tion within the church. Some withdrew altogether, 
and were called Separatists. Some wished to purify the 
church as it was, and were called Puritans. Both were 
persecuted and fled to Holland. In 1620 about 100 
separatists, called Pilgrims because of their wanderings, 
sailed on the Mayflower for America and formed a 
colony at Plymouth under the auspices of the Ply- 
mouth Company, a speculative corporation in England 
formed in 1620. 



49-56] 



PILGRIM AND PURITAN 



27 



53 Before landing, they formed themselves into a 
political body "with just and equal laws", and based 
their civil authority upon this compact, ignoring Eng- 
land. They made an early treaty with Massasoit 
(1580-1660), chief of the Rhode Island Wampanoag 
Indians and father of King Philip, that lasted 50 years, 
and always got from him early notice of impending 
Indian attacks. The government was at first a pure 
democracy, representation being introduced in 1639. 

8 a The Puritans also decided to come to America, 
and in 1628 purchased a tract of land about Salem. 
It was to these men that the king granted the 
charter, styling the proprietors, ' 'the governor and 
colony", and in 1629-30 1400 emigrants crossed, mak- 
ing the Salem colony larger than the Pilgrim colony 
at Plymouth. 

55 The Pilgrims of Plymouth differed from their 
brother Puritans of Massachusetts bay in more than in 
the name gained by their wanderings. "The Pilgrims 
who settled in N England were Independents, pecu- 
liar in their ecclesiastical tenet that the single 
congregation of godly persons, however few or humble, 
regularly organized for Christ' s work is of right, by 
divine appointment, the highest ecclesiastical authority 
on earth." u The Puritans were sincere but formal, 
precise, narrow, and very superstitious. They did 
not, however, on coming here wish to separate from the 
church of England .... Yet soon they in effect became 
Separatists as well as Puritans. ' ' 

e 56 The government was unique and in most ways 
admirable. Religion was the central thought and there 
was much intolerance, as is shown in the expulsion of 



28 



NEW ENGLAND 



[III8e-9a 



Roger Williams and the treatment of witchcraft, which 
led to narrowness and cruelty. 

57 Andrews says : ' 'The official religion of the Puri- 
tans was not only superstitious in general but gloomy 
in particular, and most gloomy in New England. Its 
central tenet, here at least, seemed to be that life 
ought to furnish no joy, men 'seeking to merit heaven 
by making earth a hell' . Sunday laws were severe, 
and most rigidly enforced from six o'clock Saturday 
evening until the same hour the next. Not the least 
work was allowed unless absolutely necessary, nor any 
semblance of amusement. Boys bringing home the 
cows were cautioned to 'let down the bars softly, as it 
was the Lord' s day' . Sunday travellers were arrested 
and fined. Men might be whipped for absence from 
church. A girl was threatened exile as a street-walker 
for smiling in meeting. Increase Mather traced the 
great Boston fire of 1711 to the sin of Sunday labor, 
such as carrying parcels or baking food. ' ' 

58 The school was close to the church. The gen- 
eral court established Harvard college at Cambridge 
in 1636. 

9 59 The houses were of logs, with a big fire-place 
and baking-oven, where the corn-bread was baked. 
The meat was venison, beef, or pork, and much use 
was made of berries, wild fruits, and shell fish. 

60 The occupations were mainly fishing, commerce, 
and manufactures, agriculture being less profitable 
than in other sections of the colonies. 

By the indefiniteness of the boundaries New Eng- 



56-62] MASSACHUSETTS, RHODE ISLAND 



29 



land and New York were frequently in difficulties as 
to encroachments in commerce. 

a 61 The name that stands out most prominently 
in New England history is 
that of Koger Williams. 
Bancroft says: "At a time 
when Germany was desolated 
by the implacable wars of 
religion ; when even Holland 
could not pacify vengeful 
sects; when France was 
still to go through the fear- 
rogee williams ful struggle with bigotry; 
1599-1683 when England was gasping 

under the depotism of intolerance; almost half a cen- 
tury before William Penn became an American pro- 
prietary, and while Descartes was constructing modern 
philosophy on the method of free reflection, Koger 
Williams asserted the great doctrine of intellectual 
liberty, and made it the corner-stone of a political 
constitution." - 

62 He came to America in 1631 and became a min- 
ister at Salem. He declared that civil government 
had nothing to do with religious acts, so withdrew 
from the church in 1634, and was expelled from the 
colony. In 1636 he founded a colony called the Prov- 
idence Plantation for which he obtained a charter in 
1644, associating the towns of Providence, Portsmouth 
and Newport in one community, but prescribing no 
form of organization and no criteria of citizenship, 
thereby attracting many who found themselves un- 




30 



NEW ENGLAND 



[III9a-e 



comfortable in the colonies. He exerted his efforts 
for religious toleration, and for peace with the In- 
dians, with whom he maintained friendly relations. 

63 Mrs. Anne Hutchinson (1590-1643) who came 
from England in 1634, and pretended to an infallible 
inner light of revelation was also driven away and went 
to Providence; she was murdered by Indians near 
Manhattan. 

b 64 Thomas Hooker (1586-1647) fled from 
England to Holland for non-conformity, and escaped 
to New England in 1633. He was pastor at Cam- 
bridge, but in 1636 emigrated to Connecticut and 
founded the town of Hartford. 

C 65 In 1638 Theopbilus Eaton (?-1658) and John 
Davenport (1598-1670) settled at Quinnipiak, on Long 
Island sound, where after liviug for a year without 
government they established the colony of New Haven. 

66 Yale college was founded by clergymen at Say- 
brook in 1700, and in 1718 moved to New Haven. 

67 In July, 1660, Edward Whalley (?-1678) and 
William Goff (1605-1679), two of the judges who had 
condemned Charles I to death, arrived in Cambridge, 
but fled to New Haven, where they were concealed by 
Davenport in " The judges' cave". Two years later 
they fled to a cave in New Hampshire, where they 
were discovered by Indians and taken to Hadley, Mass., 
where they died. 

d 68 Of the six places of settlement, four became 
united under two governments, so that at the time of 
the formation of the Union there were four New Eng- 
land states. The coasts of New Hampshire and Maine 
were chiefly sought as fishing stations; New Hamp- 



62-69] 



NEW ENGLAND CONFEDERACY 



31 



shire was more than once joined to Massachusetts and 
separated; while Maine remained a part of Massachu- 
setts until 1820. 

e 69 The New England confederation was com- 
posed of the two colonies of Massachusetts and the two 
Connecticut colonies. Khode Island was jealously ex- 
cluded because in that province men could believe as 
they liked concerning religion. This league, scarcely 
more than one of friendship, was instituted in 1643 and 
lasted for forty years. Delegates from each colony met 
and debated for the common welfare. Their chief du- 
ties were to settle the ever-occurring boundary disputes 
and to provide for the Indian wars. There were two 
two other foes whom the New Englanders feared great- 
ly and against whom they banded in protection, — the 
Dutch and the French. The Dutch, contested for the 
Connecticut valley and for Long Island ; and the French 
were daily looked for, oceanward, sailing down from 
their northern possessions to make good their claim to 
New England. The four-fold league with its three- 
fold object might be pictured like this: 




32 



NEW ENGLAND 



[HI 9 g 




g 70 The American Indian, so called because when 
America was discovered it was supposed to be the 
eastern coast of India, has a red, bronze, copper-colored 
skin, black, lauk hair, high cheek-bones, and long eyes. 
This race is limited to America, and is gradually dying 
out. The Onondaga Indians, south of Syracuse, Y. , 
are a representative tribe, having still the council- 
house of the Iroquois, as they had in time of the 
French and Indian war. The other principal New 
York tribes were the Oneidas, Mohawks, Cay u gas and 



70-73] 



AMERICAN INDIANS 



33 



Senecas. They were formerly warriors and hunters, 
the women doing the home and farm work. Now some 
of them are more or less civilized, but most of them 
are reluctant to work, and live largely on the amounts 
received from the government as allowances for their 
lands. 

71 They wore little clothing in time of peace, 
but when they entered 
into war they painted 
their faces and bodies, 
and decorated themselves 
with feathers and other 
adornments. Their wea- 
pons were mainly the 
bow and arrow, the 
hatchet, and the club. 

72 In warfare they 
were cautious, crafty 
and cruel, but brave and 
as faithful to their 
friends as they were un- 
forgiving to their enemies. It wasMassasoit, an Indian 
who warned New England settlers (see 53), andPocha- 
hontas (see 36), another instance of an Indian who aided 
whites, also warned the settlers in Virginia. They 
are best known through the novels of Cooper and the 
histories of Parkman. 

73 They lived in wigwams, huts made of skins; wore 
moccasins, shoes made of soft leather with no heels ; 
and for money used wampum, strings of shells. Each 
household had its totem, a rude picture of an animal, 




34 



NEW ENGLAND 



[in 9g 



used as a symbol. When they killed an enemy they 
took his scalplock, a portion of the scalp with the hair 
attached. A prisoner was often compelled to run the 
gauntlet between two files of Indians each of whom 
struck or otherwise injured him. 

74 In religion they recognized one Great Spirit and 
numerous inferior deities. They buried their bodies 
on raised platforms, putting with them weapons and 
food. The death song over the departed was plain- 
tive and mournful. 

75 The colonial disturbances arose from the presence 
of Indians, French, negroes, and neighboring colonists. 
The Iroquois held central New York, and their power 
was dreaded from the Atlantic to the Mississippi. 
This people from the day of Champlain' s first incursion 
from the north cherished a hatred for the French as 
unyielding as was their ■ friendship for the Dutch. 
With the English they also allied themselves and were 
always the advance guards of the eastern and middle 
colonies against the arms of the French and of the 
Algonquin Indians. The immense advantage to New 
York of this aid is seen from the geographical 
position of the State. Could the French have run a 
line of forts from Montreal to New York they would 
have held New England encircled by land and 
sea. 

75 The Iroquois, before the days of Leisler, had 
smoked the pipe of peace at Albany with the governors 
of New York and Virginia, had defeated numerous 
Indian allies of the French, had even laid siege 
to Quebec, had suffered much from French raids, 



36 



NEW ENGLAND [III 9 g"IY 10 a 



had finally wrested from that nation the promise to 
abandon all land south of the great lakes. 

77 The Algonquins, who surrounded the Iroquois on 
the south and east, were in continual hostility with 
them, and joined the French in invading their terri- 
tory. The Dutch used this feeling to their own 
advantage, and thus held the Iroquois as allies against 
the French in the north, while against the small tribes 
of Algonquins with which they came in contact the 
Dutch waged a war of extermination. 

78 During King William' s war the Algonquins and 
French burned Schenectady ; at another time they laid 
waste western New England, and each time were 
promptly driven back. When, on the other hand, the 
colony attempted the invasion of Canada, invariable 
failure was the result. 

The five nations never completely deserted the 
English. When long and cruelly put off with 
promises of men and money, they were often fatally 
indifferent; but not even the unceasing labors of the 
Jesuit missionaries could reconcile them to France. 
Not only in neglecting the Iroquois were the English 
shortsighted, for when Oswego Fort was built, in 1722, 
and its defenders urged the king to build a line of 
defences to protect the Ohio valley, he refused to do 
what his enemy so soon and so effectively accomplished. 

i 80 The first case of alleged sorcery in New Eng- 
land occured at Boston, 1688. Four children of a pious 
family were afflicted in a imitating the cries of cats 
and dogs, and complaining of pains all over their 
bodies. These were the regulation symptoms of witch- 
possession, which presumably they had often heard dis- 



76-85] 



NEW YOEK 



37 



cussed. Ail old Irish serving-woman, indentured to 
the family, who already bore the name of a witch, 
was charged with having bewitched them, and exe- 
cuted. The craze once started spread through the 
colony. By 1692 the agitation had become so great 
in Salem that some people even confessed to being 
witches, 20 of them were burned, and a fourth of 
the people moved away. 

81 Before the revolution the colonies imported 
tea, clothing, wigs and articles of luxury, and ex- 
ported iron, timber, ships and rum. 

A 82 John Winthrop (1588-1649) was an English 
attorney opposed to the Stuarts, and in 1629 was made 
governor of Massachusetts. He came over in 1630, and 
was governor till 1634,then 1637-40,and 1646 till death. 
He kept a journal which has been published. He was 
a man of high character, but partook of the religious 
intolerance of his time. 

IT 10 a 83 Avery says 
(ii. 81-4): The Dutch East 
India company summoned 
Hudson from London to 
Amsterdam and engaged 
him for immediate service. 
On the fourth of April, five 
days before the truce with 
Spain and a few weeks be- 
fore the English Pilgrims 
moved from Amsterdam to 
Amsterdam in the "Half 
His instructions were to 
seek a new passage to the East and 4 to think of 




HENDRICK HUDSON 
1550-1611 

Leyden, he sailed from 
Moon", a vessel 80 tons. 



38 



MIDDLE COLONIES 



[IT 10 a (2) 



discovering no other routes or passages except the 
route around by the north and northeast above Nova 
Zembla.' 

84 " The experienced navigator worked up the Nor- 
way coast and turned the North Cape. But some- 
thing chilled the fervor of the crew of fewer than 
twenty Dutch and English sailors. In spite of his 
instructions, about the middle of May, the man in 
the ' Half Moon ' put his ship about and pushed into 
the Atlantic. Six weeks later, the little craft and 
its crew were on the banks off Newfoundland and not 
in the ultra-Siberian ice-packs as the Amsterdam 
directors imagined. About the middle of July, 
Hudson anchored in Penobscot Bay and began repairs 
upon his ship, which was much the worse for wear. 
The wanton crew plundered an Indian village on 
the shore and Hudson prudently set sail at once. He 
touched at Cape Cod seven years after Gosnold, 
passed Nantucket and Martha's Vineyard, and reached 
the mouth of Chesapeake Bay. He thence sailed 
northward, found 'a very good harbour ' inside Sandy 
Hook, and spent the first week of September in the 
lower bay. From his anchorage he saw what we call 
the Narrows, a broad stream rising and falling with 
the tide, just as it did when Verrazano was there 
eighty-five years before. The natives told him that it 
came from beyond the mountain ranges that he saw 
in the further distance; he thought that here might 
be the long sought passage to Cathay. On the 
eleventh the' Half Moon ' floated slowly with the tide 
between the wooded shores of Staten and Long islands, 
sailed across the upper bay, and at night cast anchor, 
the only foreign ship in New York harbor. 



83-85] 



NEW YORK 



39 



84 " On the following days, 
gentle winds and favoring tides 
bore them by the cheap wild lands 
of Manhattan ' Island, by the 
stately Palisades, through the 
broadening Tappan Zee, and 
against the stronger current of 
the unexplored river as it forced 
its way through the dark magni- 
ficence of the highlands. Hud- 
son thus ascended the ' Great 
North River' to the vicinity of 
modern Troy. He now clearly 
saw that this was not the open 
way to the South Sea, but little 
dreamed that a few miles further 
north another brave explorer was 
routing the Romans of the New 
World, and that a few miles fur- 
ther south John Smith was 
parleying with the tawny lords 
on the upper waters of the 
Chesapeake. Thus the Dutch, 
the French, and the English made a simultaneous 
sowing of the seed of the great struggle for commer- 
cial and political supremacy in North America. As 
Hudson and Champlain wrote their names upon the 
map neither dreamed that in the next century the 
great struggle between England and France would 
be fiercely waged in those peaceful regions and decided 
on the Heights of Abraham. 

85 "On the Fourth of October, Hudson left the river 




40 



MIDDLE COLONIES 



[IT 10 a (2) 



that was to bear his name and was homeward bound 
across the ocean. On the seventh of November, about 
the time of John Smith's return from Virginia, the 
' Half Moon ' landed in England and was detained 
there for months. The English government forbade 
the Dutch ship's English captain again to leave his 
country for foreign service. Hudson sent his maps, 
charts, and full reports to his Amsterdam employers 
and entered the service of the Muscovy company. In 
the following year he sailed again to seek a northwest 
passage. After discovering and exploring Hudson 
Bay and spending a winter there, the explorer and 
eight companions were forced into a small boat by a 
mutinous and brutal crew and abandoned. They were 
never heard of after. Henry Hudson's record is as 
brief and brilliant as a meteor' s flash, and the waste of 
waters that bears his name is his tomb and monu- 
ment. ' ' 

86 In 1611 Hendrick Christiansen and Adrian Block 
sailed to New York, traded with the Indians, and took 
back with them two young Indian chiefs. The Dutch 
had stumbled upon the most advantageous position in 
North America. As Avery says, it sent its streams to 
the Saint Lawrence, the Atlantic, and the Gulf of Mex- 
ico. Superb rivers had opened ways through the hin- 
dering mountains and joined the great lakes to the 
valley of the Hudson, while 1 ' the lovely Juanita ' ' 
almost joined the Susquehanna to the currents that 
united to form the Ohio. With such pathways in 
every direction, New Netherland was the military and 
commercial key to the continent. 

87 The Dutch called it New Netherlands, and sent 



85-92 ] 



NEW YORK 



41 



on settlers to secure the fur trade. The first trad- 
ing post was in 1614 at Manhattan which they called 
New Amsterdam. 

88 The Walloons, persecuted French colonists, came 
over in 1623, and were the first white people to make 
Manhattan their home. Some of them went across to 
Long Island and called it Breukelen, now Brooklyn. 
Some sailed up the Hudson and settled near Fort 
Orange, built by the Dutch as a protection soon after 
Hudson's voyage, where Albany now is. 

89 The German Palatines came here in 1710, settling 
in what is now Schoharie county and along the Mo- 
hawk. Palatine Bridge is named for them. 

90 As early as 1615 or 16 the Dutch built a fort 
near Esopus, now called Kingston. 

91 Peter Minuit, 3d director of New Netherland, 
1626-32, arrived in 1626 and established the first form 
of government, with council, secretary, and sheriff. 
He bought Manhattan island of the natives for $24, 
built a fort, and conducted diplomatically some delicate 
relations with G-ov. Bradford of Plymouth. 

(3) 92 The patroon system arose under him in 1629. 
The West India company granted to any member of 
the company extensive domains on condition that he 
should within 4 years place a colony of 50 adult set- 
tlers. Those receiving such grants were called patroons. 
Valuable estates were secured in this way. Killian 
Van Eensselaer got an immense tract near Albany, and 
David Pieterson De Vries got the whole of Staten 
Island. They had complete feudal rights, even the 
death penalty. 

93 In 1839 the Van Eensselaer heirs demanded the 



42 



MIDDLE COLONIES 



[IV 10 a b 



right to \ of the produce. Thousands of farmers formed 
anti-rent associations, and committed illegal acts that 
led Gov. Seward to issue a proclamation and the sheriff 
to call out 700 men to assist him. Trouble continued 
till 1846, when the new constitution abolished all feudal 
tenures, and the title to all lands was made freehold. 

5 94 There was peace till the arrival of Gov. Kieft. 
He got into dispute with the Raritan Indians over bound- 
ary lines, sent murdering expeditions and made Staten 
Island and Corlear's Hook slaughtering ground. For 
two years the Indians retaliated by driving the whites 
from their farms, and a thousand Indians had been slain, 
when peace was made through the Iroquois. 

95 The Dutch had bought of the Pequoit Indians 
the tract of land where Hartford stands, but the Eng- 
lish encroached, and the Dutch gave up all claim to 
the Connecticu t valley, and conceded the eastern shore 
of Long Island, on condition that the English should 
never come within 10 miles of the Hudson. The Engr- 
lish overstepped the dividing line, and when the Dutch 
protested claimed thatConnecticutextended tothePacific. 

96 In 1664, in controven- 



charles II 

1630-85 Reigned 1661-85 




tion of the charter granted 
by James I, Charles II 
ordered an expedition 
against New Netherland, 
giving to the Duke of York 
a patent to appoint and dis- 
charge officers, regulate 
trade, and in general to exer- 
cise sovereignty. 



93-99] NEW YORK 43 

The English squadron enclosed and demanded sur- 
render. Gov. Winthrop of Connecticut advised Gov. 
Stuyvesant (see 106) to submit, and though he first 
declared he would rather be carried out dead he finally 
yielded, Aug. 26. The English flag was hoisted, and 
New Amsterdam became New York. Fort Orange 
capitulated and became Albany. 

97 The English rule lasted 
till 1673, when a small Dutch 
/ fleet under Cornelius Evert- 

/ sen took possession, but the 

\ ■ ■ captors learned that five 

months before New York 
^ had been given over to the 

English by the treaty of Feb. 
Cornelius evertsen 9, and on Nov. 9 it was 
finally resigned to the English. 

(6) 98 While the English supported academies and 
colleges, the Dutch provided for free schools. In 1629 
the Dutch West India Company enacted that the col- 
ony should provide a minister and a schoolmaster. By 
1664 there were in New Amsterdam 3 public 
schools, and free schools were established in Albany 
in 1650, in Flatbush in 1659, and in Brooklyn in 
1661. 

b (3) 99 The list of English govenors is long; the 
Earl of Bellamont, William*Burnet, appear as names 



44 



MIDDLE COLONIES [IV 10b (3) 




WILLIAM BURNETT EDWARD HYDE 

1688- 1729 Viscount Cornbury, Earl of 



Governor 1720-28 Clarendon, 1661-1723 

Governor 1702-8 



of well-disposed, active men; but more often there is 
in power a Lord Cornbury or a William Crosby, names 
suggestive of oppressive government. Their reports 
to the king all agree that their duties were unpleasant; 
seven died in office; one, Osborne, by, his own 
hand. 

- ~ 100 When Gov. Dongan 

became govenor, he called 
a band of councillors, to 
have freedom of debate and 
a vote in all matters of pub- 
lic concern, by whose advice 
he issued writs for a general 
assembly of representative 
freeholders. This assembly 
of 17 met Oct. 17, 1783, the 
first such body in New York 
elected by the people, and 
passed a charter granting to every freeholder a free 




THOMAS DONGAN 
1634-1715 
Governor 1682 8 



99-102 ] 



NEW YORK 



45 



vote and freedom of conscience, and declared that no 

tax should be levied except 
by act of the governor, the 
council and the assembly. 
This was revoked by James 
1 II, who directed Dongan 
I especially to foster the 
/ Church of England. In 
Sept., 1686, Dongan dis- 
solved the assembly tempo- 
rarily, and in Jan., 1687, 

JAMES 11 J ' . 

1613-iTOL permanently, thus resuming 

Reigned 1685-8 a j] power f government. 

101 In 1764, the king not finding Dongan a fit- tool 
sent Andros, already govenor of all New England, to 




rule the State, with the aid 
of his deputy, Nicholson. 
The Long Island towns 
were especially rebellious; 
they gathered militia; they 
joined with other bands, 
and taking Jacob Leisler for 
their captain made him. gov- 
enor of the colony. James 



SIR EDMUND ANDROS 11 liad fled fr0m at 

1637-1714 the approach of William and 

Mary, and so his officer, Nicholson, had left New York 
when Leisler came. 

102 After the accession of William and Mary there 
was wrangling between people and king. The first 
governor sent by King William was Sloughter. He 




46 



MIDDLE COLONIES [ IT 10 J)-B 



found Leisler ready to turn over the colony to the one 
duly commissioned. The royal officer arrested Leisler 
and in a drunken mood hung him. This man, much 
accounted a martyr, was rich, brave, passionate and 



uneducated; like Bacon in Virginia, he championed a 
cause that by his death was aroused to victory. A few 
years passed and royal governors did honor to his mem- 
ory. He was in spirit the ancestor of the revolutionary 



103^The'party*of^thej)eople, dismayed but little by 
Leisler's death , s c "securecTbef ore the'end of that century 
a democratic govenor, in Lord Bellamont. Yet this 
party seemsHo grow faster under the despotic sway of 
Crosby, who, from 1732 to VW, was an obnoxious 
ruler. It was then that on / nger, editor of a news- 
paper, was arrested by the roy f council for libel, 'rhe 
trial was one famous in colonial annals; it was a test 
case in the matter of the people versus the despot ; the 
best lawyers o£ the colonies were there; beli-ringing 
and feasting welcomed the verdict of "not guilty." 

(4) 104 In this political struggle the colony soon 





WILLIAM III 

1650-1702 
Reigned 1689-1702 



MARY II 
1662-94 
Reigned 1689-94 



heroes. 




101-106 ] 



NEW YORK 



47 



found that its best weapon was the witholding of the 
money needed to carry out the despotic projects of the 
royal govenor and his council. Money to be used for 
the people's good was not always freely given. When 
the wars with the French and Indians threatened the 
colony the governors took full advantage of the danger, 
to find in time that their exactions had made the obedi- 
ence of the people to an English king impossible. 

105 In the present conditions of New York there 
are features that recall the struggles of the early days. 
The governor is elected by the people, for 2 years; he 
appoints the chief administrative officers, has the power 
of veto and pardon, and is commander-in-chief of the 
militia. In the legislature a proposed enactment is 
called a bill till it becomes a law through three read- 
ings, usually after report by committee, adoption by 
vote of both houses and by signature of the governor; 
or in case he vetoes it, by repassage in each house by 
f- of all members 'elected. 

B 108 The most interesting of the Dutch govern* 
ors was Stuyvesant, 1647-64, a gallant soldier without 

administrative experience 
\ or tact. He objected to at- 
/ tempts at self-rule, and 

\ while he permitted "the 
nine men" to be appointed 
as a council, he did not con- 
sult them. To the com- 
plaints of the general con- 
vention of 1853 he replied 
peter sTuTvesanl 1 charging the people with in- 
1602-82 gratitude. To the last he 

obstructed popular political rights. The picture on 
the following page represents a scene from Irving's 




106-109 ] 



NEW YORK 



49 



facetious " History of New York", where Gov. Stuy- 
vesant smokes out the protesting citizens. 

C 107 The fast increasing population long kept the 



unquestioned, as was freedom to worship as one pleased. 
Certain sects, now the Dutch Calvinists, now the 
English church, now Catholics, were favored and sup- 
ported by the government, but the intolerance of Vir- 
ginia and Massachusetts did not appear. 

108 The Dutch were thrifty, neat and industrious. 
"They brought over with them the liberal ideas and 
homely virt tires and honest maxims of thtir country." 
There were few that were lazy, and no paupers. They 
had little mercy for criminals ; a man for stealing some 
"nose-cloths" was banished; a slanderer had a red 
hot iron stuck through his tongue. Women were for- 
bidden to scold; and for that and like offences there 
was a ducking stool on Manhattan island near the 
water's edge. Just in front of the fort was a gallows, 
one of the first objects to be seen by the new-comer 
sailing up the bay to New Amsterdam. 

Hendrick well says: "If we are to gather our ideas of 




/ 



WILLIAM BRADFORD 



1663-1752 



Dutch customs and lan- 
guage. Theirs was the 
language of trade until the 
18th century. To pro- 
mulgate the language of 
print, William Bradford 
brought the first printing 
press, and thirty-five years 
afterward he began the first 
newspaper. The liberty of 
the press was in general 



50 



MIDDLE COLONIES [iYlOOHB 



the early Dutch settlers from Washington Irving's 
Knickerbocker's History of New York, the founders 
of the metropolis ate breakfast at sunrise, dined at 
eleven, and at sunset went to bed. They ate potatoes, 
cabbages, asparagus, and barley bread; had plenty of 
game and poultry for their table; delighted in clams, 
calling them clippers, and in doughnuts, calling them 
olykoeks ; drank much buttermilk and tea, and smoked 
immoderately. The women were domestic; every 
housewife was expected to know how to card wool and 
flax." 

E "The Dutch lost New York because as traders and 
soldiers they could not hold their own against the Eng- 
lish farmers." Most of the Dutch rented their lands 
of the patroons, and were not attached to it as they 
would have been had they owned it. Stuyvesant was 
the only governor of ability. De Vries was a man of 
character; he defended the interests of the people, 
censured Gov. Van Twiller, and opposed Gov. Kieft. 
Dominie Megapolensis, who came as minister to Eens- 
selaerwick, carried the gospel to the Indians. 

Arendt Van Curler or Corlear was the first white man 
to penetrate the Mohawk valley, and was greatly 
trusted by the Indians. He settled Schenectady in 
1661, long the first outpost of the great west. Erom 
here traders pressed on to Eome, where by a portage 
they reached Oneida lake and the Oswego river, mak- 
ing connections with OsWego where Gov. Burnett in 
1722 erected a trading-house. 

11 a 109 When Nicolls, in 1664, became governor 
of New York, he made grants of land on the west 



106-111] 



NEW JERSEY 



51 



bank of the Hudson. The Duke of York, unknown 
to him, had already sold the land from that river to 
the Delaware to Lord Berkley and to Sir George Car- 
teret. Titles were also obtained by purchase from 
the Indians, and from these various sources arose dis- 
putes which disturbed the peace of New Jersey for 
half a century. 

110 Carteret took East New Jersey; Berkley sold 



his western half to the Quakers, and in 1682 William 
Perm bought the other half. 

For twelve years East New Jersey had no govern- 
ment except that of the towns. In 1702 the country 
was transferred to Queen Anne, and until 1741 was 
under the New York governor. In 1776 it organized 
its own government. 

b 111 The Friends or Quakers were persecuted in 
England because they demanded entire separation of 
church and state and opposed war. 




52 



MIDDLE COLONIES 



[IT 11 c-h 




c 112 William Perm had 
a wealthy father, but joined 



WILLIAM PENN 
1644-1718 



1 1 the Quakers while at Oxford 
and was expelled. He was a. 
I favorite at court, but became 
m a Quaker minister and was 
imprisoned in the Tower ? 
but through the friendship 
of the Duke of York he was 
released. 



d 113 In 1681 Charles II granted a tract of land 
of 40,000 square miles, from the Delaware river west- 
ward, to William Penn, in payment of £16,000 owed 
by the crown to his father. The grant conflicted with 
that to Baltimore (see 41 ) and the boundaries were 
finally fixed by " Mason and Dixon's line drawn by 
surveyors of these names 1763-7. 

114 Penn founded a colony for Quakers, and bought 
the rights also to Delaware. In 1693 his rights were 
taken away and the colony became a royal province. 

e 115 The constitution Penn formed gave a demo- 
cratic government to the colony, the laws to be made 
by a legislature of which both houses were elected by 
the people — a striking contrast to the autocratic rule 
of the Dutch governors. 

f (1) 116 The colony granted general religious tol- 
eration, which drew many settlers whose beliefs made 
them uncomfortable in other colonies. 

(2) 117 Whether Penn's " great treaty " with the 
ndians in 1682, negotiated under an elm tree, was for 



112-119] 



PENNSYLVANIA, DELAWARE 



53 



the purchase of land or only of friendship is a subject 
of dispute,but certainly it resulted in amicable relations. 

(5) 118 Slavery was allowed, against the wishes of 
Penn. 

h 119 In 1626 
King Gustavus 
Adolphus of 
Sweden proposed 
establishing colon- 
ies in America, 
and in 1638 Min- 
uit, formerly dis- 
missed in 1632 as 
governor of New 
Netherlands, 
founded the first 
Swedish colony in 
America, on the 
Delaware river, 
near Wilmington, 
calling the sur- 
rounding country 
New Sweden, the 
first permanent 
settlement in 
Delaware. In 
1651 Gov. Stuyve- 
sant built a fort 
at what is now 

New Castle, which in 1654 the Swedes captured. In 
1655 Stuyvesant demanded and secured the surrender 
of all the forts in the colony, and Swedish rule ended. 




54 



COLONIES IN THE 18TH CENTURY [V 12 a- 13 C 



T 12 a 120 The English settlers brought the idea 
of town meetings or pure democracy, and of the hun- 
dred moot, which developed into the county and was 
representative. The New England confederacy of 
1643 (see 69), the Albany convention of 1754 (see 
128), the stamp-act congress of 1761 (see 160), the two 
continental congresses (see 169, 170), developed this 
idea, and prepared for the constitution. 

C 121 Most of the settlers were English, and the 
English language was nearly universal, though the 
Dutch lingered in parts of New York. 

122 There was little education and a great deal of 
religion. Schools were few, books were scarce, but 
there was a meeting-house in every community. 

New Englanders followed the sea, and became great 
whalers, and New York engaged in commerce by land 
and sea, while the other colonies were mostly employed 
in agriculture. 

122 The first newspaper, Publick Occurences, For- 
eign and Domestic, was started in Boston 1690. The 
first permanent newspaper was the Boston News Let- 
ter, begun in 1704. The first daily newspaper was the 
Pennsylvania Packet, begun in 1784. 

13 123 The causes of the wars between French and 
English colonists reach back to the earliest settlements 
of America and are intimately connected with the 
home history of France and England during the 18th 
century. Two different types of civilization were strug- 
gling to occupy North America. Finally fighting be- 
gan in earnest about the head waters of the Ohio, and de- 
veloped into a war between two great nations for the 
possession of the continent. 



12 0-126] FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR 



55 



b 12-1 The weakness of France which led finally to 
its defeat in the face of the strengthening English power, 
lay first of all in the character of its settlements. Sol- 
diers and traders were ready for the impetuous dash 
that secured the first appearance of success; but the 
slow-going farmers of the English colonies, hard to 
awake to the situation, were harder to drive from the 
soil they could call their own; they easily furnished 
such supplies as tardily came to the French from across 
the water, and had a reserve power that assured the 
final triumph of the English-speaking race in 
America. 

125 In their treatment of Indians, however, the 
French, showed far more wisdom than the English. The 
French met the Indians halfway, lived in intimacy with 
them, married squaw wives. Through the Jesuit mission- 
aries they strove to convert them, taught them the arts 
of peace, and made them allies. The English despised 
the Indians, took their lands, strove to exterminate 
them. Besides, French traders, trappers, and soldiers 
did not cut down the forests, plow the hunting grounds, 
and build permanent homes along their favorite 
streams. Hence in the French and Indian war, most of 
the Indians were, as the title indicates, allied with the 
French, and rendered them great service. 

C 126 To understand fully this contest one must 
know something of the condition of Europe at the 
time of the 2d 100-years war, 1689-1715; the political 
condition of England, which, fortunately for her colo- 
nists, changed for the better, and brought William 
Pitt to the control of affairs; while at the same time 



56 COLONIES IN THE 18TH CENTURY [ T 13 C-e 

France, most unfortunately for her colonists, plunged, 
under the intriguing designs of a woman, deeper into 
estranging and profitless European wars. Again, the 
French government, rendered confident by the early 
triumph across the water and engrossed in other mat- 
ters, failed latter to send help in money and soldiers at 
the needed time; while as the war went on, England 
appreciated more and more the needs and importance 
of the contest. In the third place, corruption was wide- 
spread among the French colonial officials. Of the large 
sums appropriated for fortifications and supplies much 
went into the pockets of corrupt officials who in time 
vitiated the entire civil and military service of Canada. 

127 King William's war 1689-97, an outcome of this 
war in Europe, began i a Maine, where the Indians at 
French instigation attacked the settlers. The Iroquois 
on the English side in the same year attacked Mon- 
treal, killed 200, and carried as many into captivity. 
In 1690 French and Indians attacked and burned 
Schenectady, while others attacked Salmon Falls and 
Casco Bay. In 1690 a congress of commissioners 
from the colonies met in Albany. Port Royal in 
Nova Scotia was captured , and two unsuccessful 
expeditions were sent against Quebec. In 1696 Peter 
Schuyler of Albany, much beloved by the Iroquois, led 
an expedition into French settlements. The war ended 
when peace was made between England and France. 

d 128 In 1754 the English Lords of Trade called a 
congress at Albany of the 4 New England colonies, 
New York, Pennyslvania, and Maryland, to make a 
joint treaty with the Iroquois. Here Franklin pre- 



126-132] FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR 



57 



sented a plan of federal union foreshadowing our nation- 
al constitution. Congress approved it and sent it out 
to the colonies, but the assemblies thought there was 
too much prerogative in it, while England thought it 
was too democratic. 

129 At the outbreak of the war the French were strong 

(1) in position. The possession of the valleys of the 
St. Lawrence, Great Lakes and the Mississippi insured 
the possession of the heart of the continent. The 
Atlantic strip of settlements must cease to grow or fight 
off the intruder. So the war was a defensive fight for 
the French and an offensive one for the English. 

130 Moreover, the French, although they numbered 
only 80,000 to half a million English, were strong in 

(2) unity, with one head to all their movements; while 
not only did the English act under isolated and various 
colonial heads, but in the most of their settlements 
fierce contests were going on between governors and 
assemblies. 

131 The French had the advantage of the English (3) 
in the number of trained soldiers on hand at the out- 
set to fight with colonial militia and the slow-coming 
regiments from England. 

e (2) 132 Virginia had formed in 1748, the Ohio 
company, which received from the king a grant of 
half a million acres beyond the Alleghanies. Settle- 
ments were begun, disputes arose, and George Wash- 
ington was sent out as commissioner to adjust the 
difficulties. He reported that the French were occu- 
pying lands belonging to the Ohio company, and was 
sent out at the head of a company to dislodge them. 



58 



COLONIES IN THE 18TH CENTURY [ V 13 



He met the French at Great Meadows, July 3, 1754, 
and was forced to capitulate. This opened the French 
and Indian war. 

(3) 133 The years of active fighting may be under- 
standingly considered in two divisions: the 1st extend- 
ing to the close of the campaign of 1757, a period of 
French successes; the 2d including the two active 
campaigns of 1758 and 1759, and the closing engage- 
ments of 1760 — a period of English successes. 

In the 1st half of the war, as defined, there 
is scarcely a perceptible advantage to English interests. 
On the upper Ohio, where the fight began, the French 
remained entrenched and the Indians had free course 
over the farms and settlements of western Pennsyl- 
vania and Virginia, making one of the darkest pictures 
of the times. In the Ontario basin, not only did the 
English fail disgracefully at Niagara, but the new 
French commander, Montcalm, captured Oswego and 
levelled it to the ground. 

134 Gen. Braddock (1695-1755) was sent over by 
the English government to take charge, and in 1755 
led a disastrous expedition against Fort Du Qnesne, 
now Pittsburg, exceedingly important on account of 
its location at the junction of the two rivers that form 
the Ohio. He was defeated July 9, losing half his 
army and his own life. The fort was finally captured 
in 1758 by Gen. Forbes, whose slow advance exhausted 
the patience of the Indian allies of the French. 

135 In 1755 an expedition was planned against Crown 
Point under Gen. William Johnston (see 198), but it 
was delayed till August, giving the French time to con- 
centrate. He started from Albany with 3,400 whites 



132-136] FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR 



59 



and a company of Mohawk Indians under King Hen- 




KING HENDRICK JOSEPH BRANT 

1690-1755 Thyandanegea, 1742-1806 

drick and Joseph Brant; at Fort Edward he gathered 
in the New England troops; and in August he began 
the advance toward Lake George. Baron Dieskau 
led a force of 3,000 men from Crown Point, and 
set an ambuscade near Lake George into which the 
English fell. The French were finally defeated 
but the English were in no condition to advance. 




LORD GEORGE AUGUSTUS HOWE JAMES ABERCOMRIE 

1724-58 1706-81 

136 In 1758 Gen.^ Abercrombie advanced against 



60 



COLONIES IN THE 18TH CENTURY [ Y 13 e 



Ticonderoga, but was repulsed with a loss of 2,000 
men, and Lord Howe was killed. 

137 Iu 1759, however, the English under Amherst 
captured Ticonderoga and Grown Point, two forts that 
commanded the waterway between Canada and the 
Hudson river. 

(4) 138 In the 2d half of the war the English could 
afford to delay taking the forts in the Champlain valley 
since they succeeded in securing the fortress of Louis- 
burg and in compelling the French to fall back from 
the advance posts in Ohio and Pennsylvania. Of the 
four objective points of attack on New France the En- 
glish now held the two extremes, — the entrance to the 
Mississippi valley and the guard house of the Gulf of 
St. Lawrence. The two intermediate points, Niagara 
with the Ontario basin, and the Champlain valley could 
sasily be taken by a bold onset into the heart of Cana- 
da. The deed needed only a military genius, and him 
Pitt found in Wolfe. The capture of Quebec put an 
end to the centralized dominion of France in North 
America. 

139 At Louisburg on Cape Breton, Canada, there 
was the most important fort in America, from which 
privateers were sent out to harass the New England 
coast. In 1745 an army was sent under Sir William 
Pepperell to besiege this fort, which yielded June 17. It 
was restored to the French by the treaty of 1748, but 
was captured again July 27, 1758. 

140 Thp chief operation of the war was the capture 
of Quebec in 1759. While the fleet made a feigned 
attack below, Sept. 12, Gen Wolfe attacked it by scal- 
ng the heights. 



136-142] 



FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR 



61 





JAMES WOLFE 
1727-59 



MARQUIS DE MONTCALM 
1712-59 



He died on the field of battle, as did his antagonist 
Montcalm. 

141 The fort capitulated five days later, a death- 
blow to French power, for Quebec commanded the St. 
Lawrence river. Montreal was taken in 1760, and the 
conquest of Canada was complete. By the treaty of 
Paris, 1763, France resigned to England all her pos- 
sessions east the Mississippi exeept two small islands 
in [the Gulf of St. Lawrence, for her fishermen; and 
to Spain Xew Orleans and the country west of the 
Mississippi. 

142 The far-sighted Frenchman, Vergennes, said 
after the war, " England will ere long repent of having 
removed the only check that could keep her colonies 
in awe. They no longer stand in need of her protec- 
tion. She will call on them to contribute toward sup- 
porting the burdens they have helped to bring upon 
her, and they will answer by striking off all depen- 
dence." This condition of affairs was by no mean- 
unthought of in England; and but for Pitt the advice 



PRINCIPAL BATTLES OF THE FRENCH: INDIAN WAR 



Date. 


Eng. Successes 


Eng. Losses 


Commanders. 


1754. 


Gt. Meadows. 


Ft "NVrps'tv 


English. 


French. 


W ashington 
Washington 


Jumondville 
(killed.) 

Villiers. 


1755. 


Acadia, 
Lake George, 


Near Lake 
George. 

Du Quesne. 


\ Winslow. 
1 Moncton. 

Williams 
(killed.) 
Johnson. 

Braddock 
(mor. w'nd.) 


Dieskau. 
Dieskau. 


1756, 


Kittanning. 


Oswego 


Mercer. 
Armstrong. 


Montcalm. 
Indians. 


1757. 




Fort Win. 
Henr} r . 


Monroe. 


Montcalm. 


1758. 


Louisburg. 

J~)lL QlieSllC. 


Ft. Ticond'a 
Frontenac. 


Amherst. 
Abercrombie 
Forbes. 

"Rra rl c;trppt 


Montcalm. 




1759. 


Quebec. 

Ft. Ticonderoga, 
(Crown Point.) 

Niagara. 




Wolfe 
(killed.) 

Amherst. 

Prideaux 
(killed ) 


Montcalm 
(killed.) 

French evac- 
uated. 


1760. 


Silleiy. 
Montreal. 




Amherst, 


De Levi. 



142-145] FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR 



63 



of other English statesmen, to leave France her west- 
ern territory as a menance to the colonies to insure 
their dependence, might have been followed. As it 
was, the war had trained the colonists to the use of 
arms and to military maneuvres. 

143 In New York especially it was the French and 
Indian war that first taught separation as the only rem- 
edy for colonial ills; and from the end of actual warfare 
in 1760 began the preparation for revolution. As the 
spirit of rebellion grew strong the mother country had 
great hopes that the number of tories in New York, 
larger than that of any other colony, would preserve for 
her a loyal state and separate the gathering forces of 
the south and east. But neither the number of tories 
nor the flattering privileges given New York could 
make her desert the lead of Massachusetts and Virginia. 
New York city was the meeting- place of the colonial 
delegates who in 1765 made a declarations of rights; 
while ten years before it was at Albany that the gather- 
ing of the first colonial congress was held (see 128). 

A 144 Acadia was the French name for what is now 
Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and part of Maine. It 
was at Port Koyal they had made their first permanent 
settlement in 1605. In 1713 it came into possession of 
the British, who accused the inhabitants of transgress- 
ing their privileges as neutrals, and transported several 
thousands of them to British provinces southward, as 
narrated in Longfellow's ' 1 Evangeline " . It seems 
likely that the English had justification for the expul- 
sion but their methods were unnecessarily harsh. 

14 145 The colonies did not immediately have 
peace. The western Indians hated the English, and 



64 COLONIES IN THE 18TH CENTURY [V 13-14 



Pontiac ( 1720-69 ), an Ottawa chief, who is said to 
have helped defeat Braddock, in 1762 organized a con- 
spiracy which massacred the garrisons of some of the 
smaller forts, but in 1763 beseiged Detroit in vain. 
The Indians were defeated at Bushy Run, Pa., in 1763, 
and the outbreak was subdued the next year. He 
signed a treaty in 1766 and was murdered three years 
later. 

a 146 At first the colonists could do little but farm and 
hunt and fish. They exported wheat to the West 
Indies, and tobacco to England. Virginia raised to- 
bacco, South Carolina shipped lumber west and made 
tar and pitch, till in 1696 it began to grow rice, and in 
1745 indigo. 

(2) 147 While in the south agriculture was the sole 
occupation, in New England ship building and other 
forms of manufacturing began to thrive. The Yankees 
were also natural traders, and pushed over into New 
York territory in extending commerce with the Indians, 
thus coming into conflict with the Dutch, under Gov - 
ernors Bradford and Minuit. 

b 148 The general type of house had a large room in 
the middle called the hall. There were big fire-places, • 
with seats in or about them. Cooking was done in 
them in kettles and on griddles. Furniture was largely 
home made. Floors were usually strewed with sand. 
Wine, beer, and liquors were drunk in large quantities, 
especially when there were gatherings, and the clothing 
of the wealthy was of richer material than now. In 
the city life was more nearly like that in England, from 
which customs as well as furniture and clothing were 
imported. 




A COLONIAL DUTCH CHURCH 



148] 



HOME LIFE AMONG THE COLONIES 



67 



in this picture of the attack upon Schenectady (see 78), 
from Andrews's History of the United States. 



C 1 149 Imprisonment for debt in foreign countries 
brought many colonists to America, where the laws 
were much less severe than in Europe. More of these 
men settled in the south than in the north. 

"The new England colonists settled in groups of 
families forming congregations; the Virginians set up 
-detached establishments forming individualized dom- 
estic centres. In Massachusetts small farms made 
possible compact communities; the township became 
the unit of political organization^ and the town meeting 
the fountain of authority. The ambition of many of 
the Virginia proprietors was to become territorial lords; 
families were so widely separated ' that no man could 
see his neighbor without looking through a telescope, 
or be heard by him without firing off a gun. ' Under 
such circumstances there were no town-meetings and 
the county became the unit of political organization. ' ' 




The Indians as well as the 
troops are here represented as 
wading through the snow, 
but the Indians commonly 
used the Indians or light snow 
shoes by which they could 
walk on the top of snow which 
would have yielded to the or- 
dinary moccasin and some- 
times let them sink in perhaps 
to the waist. The colonists 
also used snow shoes. 



68 colonies in the18thcentuey V 14 c-VI 15 b 

(3) 150 The colonial governments of New England 
were of three kinds, under charters, under grants of 



THE THIRTEEN ORIGINAL COLONIES 





STATE 


DATE 


PLACE 


NATION 


FINAL GOVERN'T 


1 


V irginia . . 




To yy\ oof nwn 


-CillgllSul 


LXVychl JTlUVllli^t? 


2 


~\Tpw "Vnrlr 


1614 


ISTpw "Vnrk 


Dutch 

J_7 LI I V_ 11 • 


±1V V Cll ±- 1 W V 1 1 J O 


3 


Massa'ts . . 


1620 


Plymouth . ... 


English 




4 


N. Hamp . 


1623 


Portsmouth 


English 




5 


Cormec't . . 


1633 




English 




6 


Maryland . 


1634 




English 


Proprietary . . . 


7 


R. Island . . 


1636, 


Providence 


English 




8 


Delaware . . 


1638 


Wilmington 


Swedes 


Proprietary 


9 


N. Carolina 


1663 


Albemarle Sd . . 


English 


Ropal Province 


10 


N. Jersey . 


1664 


Elizabethtown . 


English 


Royal Province 


11 


S. Carolina 


1670 


Old Charlestown 


English 


Royal Province 


12 


Pennsyl'a . 


1682 


Philadelphia . . . 


English 


Proprietary 


13 


Georgia . . . 


1733 




English 


Royal Province 



proprietors, or provincial, under orders issued by the 
home government. 

(3) 151 Proprietary government was entirely in the 
hands of the proprietor, as in Maryland (see42-4). Charter 
government gave to companies land and jurisdiction 
under varying conditions, as the Virginia company 
(see 32), and was thus more free and less dependent 
on personal caprice. Royal government made the col- 
ony a province of the crown, which retained all au- 
thority. The final government of Virginia and of five 
other colonies was of this character. 

(4) 152 They travelled largely in small boats and 
in birch bark canoes of the Indians, of which this pic- 
ture is taken from an old cut. For a time the only 



149-153] 



HOME LIFE IN THE COLONIES 



69 




roads were Indian trails, on which they went afoot or 
on horseback, and carried goods on pack-horses. 

YI 15 153 One who wishes to fix in mind the chron- 
ology of this period can learn 1760 as the year of the 
last fighting in the French and Indian war, and 1775, 
the year of the first battle of the revolutionary war. 
The Stamp act ( 1765), and the Boston massacre (1770), 
then space off the time into easily remembered per- 
iods of five years each. 

b 154 England found herself .at the close of the 
French and Indian war burdened with debt. Since 
this debt was largely incurred in defence of the colo- 
nies, she naturally looked to them for help to pay it. 

It is an error to suppose that up to this time the moth- 
er country had laid upon the colonies grievous taxation. 
While her treatment of them had been oppressive, this 
sin cannot be justly charged. There were two ways 
by which money came from the colonists into the gen- 



70 



UNION AND INDEPENDENCE [YI 15 b 



eral treasury. (1) The government made requisitions 
for certain sums upon the separate colonies (direct tax- 
ation). These demands were considered by the legis- 
latures, granted in full, cut down or ignored as seemed 
fit to the legislators. Indeed the witholding of grants 
was the common means of keeping the rapacious royal 
officers within bounds. It is the English theory of gov- 
ernment, inherited by the colonists, that taxation 
should come from the house of commons, elected by 
the people, and hence representative, and hence those 
who are taxed should be represented there. 

(2) 155 The Navigation act, dating back a hun- 
dred years, bade the colonists ship their goods by En- 
glish vessels and to English ports, thus exacting, when 
enforced, a considerable revenue (2) (indirect taxation). 
How much respect the colonists paid to this law can be 
seen from the fact that for 30 years, the average yearly 
revenue thus collected was less than $10,000, while the 
expense of collection was over $30,000 per year. In 
the year 1761 the English ministry determined to en- 
force the act more strictly, especially such parts as for- 
bade the colonies to manufacture common articles of 
necessity. A horse shoe could not legally be made in 
the colonies. The result was increased hardships and 
universal smuggling. The right of England thus to 
restrict trade was then unquestioned, but by 1653 the 
colonies had begun to complain of tithes on grain, flax, 
hemp, tobacco, cheese, chimney and head money, and 
excessive export duties. When the thoughts of the 
people were cleared by the discussion of internal taxa- 
tion, the right of Parliament to tax commerce was 
doubted. 



154-158] 



NAVIGATION ACTS 



71 



/ 



V 




OLIVER CROMWELL 
1599-1658 
Protector 1653-8 



156 The first Navigation 
act was secured by Crom- 
well in 1651, protecting 
colonial trade from foreign 
shipping;- it was directed 
against the Dutch, and was 
not enforced in America. 
In 1660 and 1672 this was 
so renewed as to direct colo- 
nial commerce through En- 
glish ports for the profit of 
the English merchant. In 



1696 a new act required trade with England to be in 
ships built and owned in England or in the colonies, 
importations had to come through English ports, and 
exports sent to English ports, no matter for what coun- 
try intended, and colonists were forbidden to make 
rolled iron and to ship certain goods from one colony 
to another. In 1750 they forbade the colonists to run 
rolling mills and steel furnaces, and in 1774 stopped 
the importation of machinery to make cloth. 

157 To detect smugglers, the British officers used to 
ask the courts for writs of assistance. James Otis 
(1725-83), a Boston lawyer, in 1763 opposed these, 
and in 1764 published " Rights of the Colonists Vindi- 
cated." He was a member of the stamp act congress. 
In 1769 he was beaten by British officers and was in- 
sane the rest of his life. John Adams said Otis was 
Isaiah and Ezekiel united; his protest in this matter 
breathed into this nation the breath of life. 

158 This question of an internal colonial revenue 



72 



UNION AND INDEPENDENCE [VI 15 b 



was not so much whether a tax should be laid, as by 
whom it should be levied. The people of America ad- 
mitted the justice of some form of taxation, while they 
combatted every suggestion of a tax proceeding from 
Parliament. The frequent use of the term " taxation 
without representation " is apt to suggest that ground 
for compromise existed, and that had the colonies 
been granted a representation in parliament, all trouble 
would have been avoided. Such a plan was proposed 
by men on both sides of the ocean, but the scheme was 
impracticable. 

(3) 159 In 1764 parliament declared its right to tax 
the colonists, and in the face of firm protests from each 
colonial legislature, passed the Stamp act in the spring 
of the following year. The law was to take effect the 
first of the coming November (1765). To enforce 
it troops were put at the disposal of the ministry ; while 
by a clause of the Mutiny act, the soldiers could be 
thrown on the colonists for quarters and supplies. 

160 During the months between the passage of the 
act and the day of its taking effect, the Americans 
seemed to change from 13 separated provinces of far- 
mers, into one united people; they unanimously de- 
clared hearty loyalty to the king and claimed stoutly 
their inherent right, as Englishmen, to tax themselves. 

161 Patrick Henry ( 1736-99 ), was a Virginia law- 
yer who on this occasion made fiery speeches m the 
house of Burgesses. He was afterward a delegate to 
the first continental Congress. In the Virginia assem- 
bly of 1774 he exclaimed, " Caesar had his Brutus, 



158-163] 



STAMP ACT 



73 



Charles I his Cromwell, and George III — " "Trea- 
son" shouted the speaker, and the call arose all over 
the room. " — may profit by their example, " he 
concluded. In 1775 he made his celebrated speech, 
ending, "Give me liberty, or give me death". He 
became the first governor of Virginia and an anti- 
federalist leader. 

162 The single-mindedness of the people was wonder- 
ful. By a simple understanding of the populace, 
without acts of the legislatures, they agreed to buy no 
stamps nor act as officers to sell them. If any one 
appeared, who for money's sake or because he believed 
the tax was just, ready to act as stamp-master, he was 
compelled by public opinion, roughly expressed some- 
times, to resign. The first of November came and 
found flags at half mast, the people praying and 
fasting, and not a stamp distributor from Massachu- 
setts to Georgia. The people burned the stamps, sent 
them back to England, either did without articles 
requiring them or ignored the law, and boldly sent 
out their newspapers and pamphlets without the hated 
documents. The law was of none effect. 

163 The following winter the- members of Parlia- 
ment came together, listened to the eloquence of Pitt 
against taxation of the colonies, heard the common 
sense of Franklin, agent of Pennsylvania, read the 
report of the royal officers concerning the utter failure 
of the tax, and having no alternative, repealed the 
law. Thus passed from the statute books a measure, 
less than a year on record, never enforced, and from 
which dates American union. 



74 



UNION AND INDEPENDENCE [ YI 1 5 b 



(4) 164 The repeal however did not satisfy the 
colonists, for at the very time Parliament repealed the 
stamp act, it reasserted its right to tax, declaring that 
the kiDg had full power to make laws binding Amer- 
ica in any case whatever; it admitted the inexpediency 
only of the attempted taxation. Against this declara- 



commons of Great Britain, give and grant to your 
majesty — what! Our own property? No. We give 
the property of your majesty's commons in America. 
It is absurdity in terms." Nevertheless Parliament 
followed its declaration with the Townshend acts of 
1767, putting a tax on glass, paper, colors, and tea, 
intent on getting a permanent revenue from the colo- 
nists without their consent. 

(6) 165 In 1772 Samuel Adams obtained from the 
Boston town meeting a committee of correspondence 
to state the rights of the colonists. Eleven other 
colonies appointed similar committees. 




WILLIAM PITT 
EARL OF CHATHAM 



1708-78 



tion Lord Chatham, who 
sided with the Americans 
throughout the Revolution- 
ary struggle, and in 1777 
when a dying man, was car- 
ried to the House of Lords 
to plead for peace and 
redress, argued : "The 
taxes are a voluntary gift 
of the commons alone. In 
an American tax, what do 
we do? We, your majesty's 



(7) 166 The effectual means of combating the 



164-168] 



TAX ON TEA 



75 



Townshend acts was to refuse to import, sell or buy 
the taxed goods. Merchants and importers, especially 
those of Boston and New York, joined in refusing to 
handle the hated articles. The people wore homespun , 
drank no tea, did without glass, and denied them- 
selves every luxury from across the water. For this 
they could not be arrested; they could not be forced 
to buy what they did not want. 

167 Finally, to put the determination of the colonies 
to the last test, the tax was taken from everything 
but tea, on which a duty was so laid as to make it 
cheaper in America than in England. The colonists 
were not so short-sighted that they failed to see this 
was a cunning test of the whole question of taxation. 
It was then that the loads of tea were met by the 
famous Boston tea party, made up of men dressed as 
Indians who boarded the vessel and dumped the tea 
into Boston Bay, and refused it in a similar spirit at 
New York, Philadelphia, and Charleston. 

168 It was now determined to make an example of 
Massachusetts. The charter of that colony forbade 
ordering the soldiers into active service, so it was 
sought to revoke the charter, and a ready pretext was 
found in the tea dumped into Boston Bay. The 
Boston Port Bill was then ( 1774 ) passed, closing the 
port of Boston until the wasted tea should be paid for. 
This act threatened financial ruin to one of the larg- 
est shipping towns in America; its merchants, 
ship-builders, sailors and tradesmen were without 
occupation. Starvation seemed the coming fate of a 
good part of the population. 



76 



UNION AND INDEPENDENCE 



[YI 15 b 



(9) 169 The 1st continental congress was proposed 
by the Massachusetts house of representatives to con- 
sider the critical state of affairs. It met Sept. 5, 1774, 
in Philadelphia, and protested against the treatment 
of the colonies, petitioned the king to remove griev- 
ances, and drew up a declaration of rights, especially 
that of representation. It also drew up the " Associ- 
ation " agreeing to import no goods from Great 
Britain and to export no goods to her ports. 

170 The 2nd continental congress met May 10, 
1775, burning with indignation over Lexington and 
Concord, and became the centre of organization and 
resistance. Without formal authority it made itself 
a national government, appointed Washington com- 
mander-in chief, authorized bills of credit, and by 
general consent legislated for the people of the colon- 
ies. 




GEORGE III, 1738-1820 
Reigned in England 1760-1820; in the colonies, 1760-1776 



169-170] 



CONTINENTAL CONGRESS 



77 



Council at 
Albany 1754. 



First Colonial 
Congress, 
JSTew York, Oct. 
1754. 

First Continental 
Congress, 
Philadelphia, 
Sept. 1774. 



Second 
Continental 

Congress, 
Philadelphia, 
May, 1775. 



j A plan for union of colo- 

nies proposed. 
^ A treaty with Indians made. 

( Nine colonies represented. 

fDecla ration of 

I Eights. 

! Petition to the 
A.cts. < Tr . 

King. 

Memorial to Par- 
liament. 



{ 

f Supported Massachusetts, 
j 2d Declaration of Rights. 
J Petition to the King. 
I Address to people of Eng. 

Last appeal to the King. 
George W ashington appoint- 
ed commander-in-chief. 
Vote to raise an army of 

twenty thousand men. 
Authorize an issue of one 
million dollars in paper 
money. 

Declaration of Independence 

adopted 1776. 
Committee sent to France. 
Committee appointed to pre- 
pare the Article of Con- 
federation. 

Continued during the War. 



78 



REVOLUTION 



[ Y 16 a, b 



Hernote. J 



f External and Internal Taxes, 
j Navigation Acts, 
"j Effects of Inter-colonial Wars. 
[ The arbitrary character of George III. 



Taxation without Representation 




Stamp Act, - 1765. 



and 



as shown in 



Direct. 



( Tax on Tea, - - - 1767. 

i Mutiny Act, - - ' - 1768. 

Boston Massacre, - - - 1770. 

Boston Tea Party, - - 1773. 

[ Boston Port Bill, - - 1774. 



16 a 171 Bancroft says: "The year 1775, as it 
opened, found the British in the undisputed possess- 
ion of the American*colonies. Before the campaign 
could begin, they had been driven from New England, 
and every governor had abandoned his post except in 
New Jersey, where he was under arrest, and in 
Maryland. " 

b 172 The weakness of the Americans was that they 
were divided, but Lexington, Concord, and Bunker 
Hill did much to unite them. On April 18, 1775, 
Paul Bevere galloped from Boston to give warning 
that Gov. Gage was on the march to capture military 
stores at Concord. The next morning when the Brit- 
ish soldiers reached Lexington they found the militia 
drawn up to oppose them, and the war opened. The 
British killed 7 and wounded 9, and marched on to 
Concord, where they were beaten back, with a loss of 
273. The militia besieged them in Boston, and on 



170-172] 



EARLY BATTLES OF THE WAR 



79 



June 17 was defeated in the battle 
of Bunker Hill, but with so great a 
loss to the British that the patriots 
were much encouraged. 

Gage was formally beseiged in 
Boston. On May 10 Ethan Allen 
surprised and captured Ticonde- 
roga, and 40 guns were dragged 
across Massachusetts to help him in 
the siege. In the fall unsuccessful 
expeditions were sent under Mont- 
gomery and Benedict Arnold to 
take Quebec. Meantime interest 
centered in the action of the two 
British Howes near New York. 




EARL RICHARD HOWE, 1725-99 



80 



REVOLUTION 



[YI16c 



New 
West Tbinto 



ft. Montgotnecy A 
ft Ci in tony 



tutLon 



c (1) 173 On 
Aug. 22 Sir Will- 
iam Howe landed 
with 22,000 men 
on Long Island, 
and in Washing- 
ton's first battle 
his 18,000 men 
were badly defeat- 
ed, and enabled 
only by Howe's 
slowness to cross 
the East river to 
New York. The 
British beat him 
again at White 
Plains (Oct. 28), 
and forced him 
back across New 
Jersey and the 
Delaware rive r. 
But to prevent 
their following 
him into Philadel- 
phia he recrossed 
the Delaware in 

boats and on Dec. 26 struck the British post at Tren- 
ton and captured 1,000 Hessians. On Jan. 3, 1777, 
he attacked the British at Princeton so fiercely that 
they retired to New York. 




m, 175] 



.BCRGOYNE'S CAMPAIGN 



81 



(2) 174 Lake Champlain 
as far as Crown Point was 
already in British hands. 
Burgoyne was to sweep 
south to the Hudson and 
meet Lord Howe, who was 
to ascend the river to Al- 
bany. Burgoyne took Ti- 
conderoga in July, 1777, 
reached Fort Edward July 
30, and went on to Bemis 
The plan was an admirable 
one, and if it had been successfully carried out the 
war would probably have ended soon in the capitula- 
tion of the colonists. 




JOHN HOWE BURGOYNE 
1722-92 

Heights, near Saratoga. 



175 St Leger was to advance from Lake Ontario, 




BARRY ST LEGER 
1737-89 




PETER GANSEVOORT 
1749-1812 



along the Mohawk and join Burgoyne at Albany. Gen. 
Schuyler had placed a strong garrison at Fort Stanwix, 
in what is now Rome, under charge of Gansevoort. 
It was invested Aug. 3, and Gen. Herkimer, who^had 



175-177] THE BATTLES OF SARATOGA 



83 




NICHOLAS HERKIMER 
1715-77 



been appointed colonel of militia in 1758 and had com- 
manded Fort Herkimer in 
the French and Indian war, 
gathered militia in the east 
and hastened to its relief. 
He had reached Oriskany 
creek Aug. 6, when the 
British troops fired from 
ambush and mortally 
wounded him. He rallied 
his men and after six hours 
fighting the battle was won. 

Benedict Arnold led a 
band against the besiegers 
and the siege was raised 
Aug. 22, the besiegers re- 
turning to Canada, thus 
destroying Burgoyne's plan 
for the campaign. 

176 On Aug. 16 Bur- 
goyne sent a force to gather American stores at Ben- 
nington, but John Stark rallied the farmers and 
routed the British, which greatly encouraged the 
Americans. 

177 While Burgoyne was lingering, the troops from 
Fort Stanwix joined Gen. Schuyler, who had fought 
inHhe French and Indian war, had been a delegate to 
the 1st continental congress, and had been naturally 
put in command. On'Aug. 4 through intrigue he was 




JOHN STARK 
1728-1822 



84 



REVOLUTION 



[vi 16 c, a 




PHILIP JOHN SCHUYLER HORATIO GATES 

1733-1804 1728-1806 



succeeded by Gen. Gates, who had been a captain in 
Braddock's expedition, and who later, in 1780, in com- 
mand of the southern army met a severe defeat at 
Camden for which he was courtmartialed (see 183). 

178 He encountered Burgoyne at the first battle of 
Saratoga, Sept. 19, with no decisive result. 

179 He was jealous of Benedict Arnold, who had com- 
manded the right wing on the 1775 expedition into 
Canada, and who, though defeated by a British flotilla 
at Valcour island in 1776 had effected a skillful re- 
treat. He had dispersed St Leger's force at Fort Stan- 
wix, (see 175), and had commanded the left wing in this 
first battle of Saratoga. Gates relieved him of com- 
mand, but when the second battle was fought Oct. 7 r 
near by, it was won by the Americans largely through 
Benedict Arnold, who fought without orders and led a 
charge that was successful. 

180 Burgoyne was forced to surrender; he could 
neither advance nor retreat, 800 men were in the hos- 
pital, and he had only five days rations. It was the 



177-183] FRIENDSHIP OF FRANCE 



85 



turning-point of the war, as Gettysburg was of the 
civil war. New York was saved to the patriot cause, 
a strong peace party arose in England, and the French 
determined to intervene. 

181 On Oct. 15, the first New York legislature met 
at Kingston, and a few days later the town was burned 
by British troops under Gen. Vaughan. The legisla- 
ture met in January at Poughkeepsie, and after- 
wards in these two places, in Albany, and in New 
York. Albany became permanent capitol in 1797. 

(3) 182 From the beginning of the war France had 
damaged England by secret aid to the colonists in arms 
and money, but after Burgoyne's surrender Silas Deane 
and Benjamin Franklin at the French court, where the 
latter was the hero of the hour, secured treaties Feb- 
6, 1778, recognizing the United States, forming mu- 
tual relations of amity, and commerce and alliance, 
and providing that the two countries should make com- 
mon cause till America had secured its independence. 
That year the French fleet blockaded New York, and 
in 1779 a French force under d'Estaing cooperated 
with Lincoln in the south. In 1781 a French fleet 
blockaded the Chesapeake, repulsed an English fleet 
bearing reeforcements from New York, and landed 
3,000 troops which assisted in forcing Oornwallis to 
surrender. It gave America 2 millions to keep up the 
war, it sent over Lafayette, who proved to be a great 
general, and it fitted out a fleet for John Paul Jones. 

d 183 In 1778 the British captured Savanah and 
conquered Georgia. In 1789 Clinton captured Charles- 



86 



REVOLUTION 



[TI 16 d-f 



ton, Beaufort, and Cam- 
den. Washington sent De 
Kalb south to meet the 
British forces. Gates who 
had succeeded Lincoln in 
command of the American 
troofs at the south was de- 
feated by Cornwallis at 
Camden, and Cornwallis be- 
gan a triumphant march 
sir henry clinton north) re treating after a bat- 
1738 -" tie at Kings Mountain. 

Greene succeeded Gates and defeated the British at 
Cowpens, but was too weak to'resist Cornwallis's second 
march north, and in April 1781," Cornwallis entered 
Virginia and ravaged the state. Greene's plan was to 
harrass and hinder the enemy at every step, avoiding 
pitched battles. He was considered Washington's 
most trusted general, and he showed sagacity in the 
management of this campaign. 

184 On Sept. 8 Gen. Greene routed the British at 
Eutaw Springs, but they took shelter in a brick house 
and held it, and during the night retreated to Charles- 
ton. In Virginia Cornwallis had retired in August to 
Yorktown fortifications. Lafayette advised Washing- 
ton to hasten there with his arms and bold as it seemed 
to leave Clinton unguarded in New York. Washing- 
ton moved 2,000 continentals and 4,000 French from 
West Point, appeared before Yorktown and besieged it. 
On Sept. 19 Cornwallis surrendered and his 7,000 troops 
laid down their arms, thus utterly crippling the British 
forces in America, and ending the war. 




183-180] FINAL ACTIONS IN THE SOUTH 



8? 




MAKQJJIS CORNWALLIS 
1738-1805 



M ARQUIS DE LAFAYETTE 
1757-1834 



f 185 At the beginning of the war New England 
favored separation, but the southern states were 
opposed until the war was transferred to their territory. 
Then they were ready for the Declaration of Independ- 
ence. It was drawn mainly by Jefferson, the others 
of the committee being John Adams, Benjamin Frank- 
lin, Eoger Sherman and Robert R. Livingstone. The 
signers were aware that if the war was unsuccessful 
their act was treason. " Now we must all hang to- 
gether," said Franklin, " or we shall all hang sepa- 
rately." 

186 The Declaration says: " We hold these truths 
to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that 
they are endowed by their Creator with certain unali- 
enable rights, that among these are life, liberty, and 
the pursuit of happiness." Among the grievances 
complained of were that the king had refused his as- 
sent to necessary laws, assembled legislative bodies at 
inconvenient places, disolved them unreasonably, ob- 
structed naturalization, made judges dependent on his 




4 



187-190] DECLARATION" OF INDEPENDENCE 



S9 



will alone, kept standing armies here in times of peace, 
and imposed taxes without consent. 

187 By the adoption of this Declaration the colonists 
burned their bridges behind them, and could no longer 
withdraw from the conflict. The people received it 
with joy, destroyed pictures of the king, tore down his 
arms from public buildings, and melted his statue into 
bullets. In England, while it made the government 
more determined than ever to subdue the colonists, it 
showed the thoughtful that the contest was to be larger 
and less unequal than they had supposed. 

188 At the beginning of the revolution, the pine tree 
flag of New England was much nsed, and another bore 
the picture of a rattlesnake, with the motto " Don't 
tread on me." In 1775 congress adopted the 13 stripes 
with the British <fc union " in the corner. This union 
was displaced in 1777 by 13 stars, first shown at the 
battle of Brandywine. In 1794 stripes were added for 
the two new states, but in 1818 the number of stripes 
was limited to 13, the stars to increase with the num- 
ber of the states. 

189 The treaty of peace conceded the independence 
of America, its territory to extend from Canada to 
Florida and westward to the Mississippi. 

k 190 The British had the advantages of superiority 
in military and naval forces, while the colonists were 
not united, a full third being tories, and the militia 
were enlisted for short terms ; on the other hand the 
colonists were on their own ground fighting for their 
comfortable homes, and able to injure the enemy by 
privateering. 



90 



REVOLUTION 



[ TI 16 k-E 



191 A Of no man were 
the services more important 
than of Franklin. Born in 
Boston, where he learned 
to be a printer, at 17 run- 
ning away to Philadelphia 
and establishing a news- 
paper there, made deputy 
postmaster general in 1753, 
proposing a plan for colon- 

BENJAMIN FRANKLIN ial imion in 1754 (see 128) 

1706-90 agent of Pennsylvania in 

England 1757-62 and 1764-75, he was naturally chosen 
delegate to the continental congress (see 169). He 
was one of the five who drew up the Declaration of In- 
dependence (see 185), and in 1776 was sent to join the 
mission in Paris. Here he was received with enthusi- 
asm. He obtained the treaty of 1778 and large sums 
of money. He had a leading part in the treaty of 
peace. He was president of Pennsylvania 1785-7. 
Besides being a statesman he was a writer and inventor, 
and founder of the University of Pennsylvania. Hardly 
any other man has been so great in so many directions. 

D 192 Benedict Arnold had leaped into fame by 
his command of the right wing in the attack on Quebec 
in 1775. His services were slighted by Congress, but 
he helped repulse Tryon in Connecticut, and was made 
a brigadier- general. He served brilliantly in the Bur- 
goyne campaign (see 179) and was put in command at 
Philadelphia. Here he married, lived extravagantly, 
was-court-martialed on trivial charges, and was repri- 
manded by Washington. 




191-194] BENEDICT ARNOLD, JOHN PAUL JONES 



91 



193 Smarting under his treatment, he obtained com- 
mand of West Point, carried on negotiations for a 

year and a half with Clinton, 
and undertook in 1780 to 
betray that post. He made 
a bargain with the British 
through Major Andre, who 
was captured and the plot 
disclosed. Andre was 
hanged, but Arnold escaped 
and passed the last 20 years 
of his life in England. 




JOHN ANDRE 
1751-80 



E 194 In 1775 Congress 
organized a naval force^all of 
merchant vessels, and in 1776 Esek Hopkins at the 
head of a small squadron raided 'a town in the Bahamas. 

But the United States had 
no navy that could compete 
with the big English ships, 
and it commissioned priva- 
teers to destroy British 
commerce. John Paul 
Jones in 17 78 lashed his 
vessel, the Bonhomme Rich- 
ard, to the Serapis, and after 
a three hours fight forced it 
to surrender even when his 
own vessel was sinking. 
In 1778 the French fleet appeared in New York harbor, 
and fought the British fleet off the coast and in the 
West Indies. See 182. 




JOHN PAUL JONES 
1747-92 



92 



REVOLUTION 



[YI 16 H-L 



Z H 195 Nathan Hale ( 1755-76 ) was a Connecticut 
school teacher who joined a volunteer company, parti- 
cipated in the siege of Boston, was made a captain, 
volunteered to reconnoitre the position of the British 
forces, was captured, and was hanged as a spy. His 
last words were: " I regret that I have only one life to 
give to my country. ' ' 

L 196 Of all the states New York was the greatest 
sufferer from the revolution. Of her 235,000 people 
New York contributed 41,633 men to the army, and 
she paid 8 millions into the treasury. Her metropolis 
was throughout most of the war in the enemy's hands, 
and not a ship lay in New York bay. 

197 The tories were many and committed many 
depredations, in 1780 laying waste the Schoharie val- 
ley. Still later that year Carleton from Canada invaded 
the Champlain region. New York was the refuge of 
Toryism. There were whole counties where the name 
Tory was associated with massacre and pillage. - Year 
by year her most fertile farms were ravaged. 



/ 





JOHN SULLIVAN 



1740-95 



198 The object of Sulli- 
van's Expedition ( 1779) 
was to make impossible 
another Wyoming massacre. 
He moved up the Susque- 
hanna and was joined by 
James Clinton moving south 
from the Mohawk. He 
routed the Indians at New- 
town (Elmira), burned 
Catherine's Town (Montour 
Falls), and devastated the 



195-198J 



TORIES IN NEW YORK 



93 



Indian country along Cayuga lake and in the Genesee 
valley. 

199 The next year the tories and Indians uncler Sir 




SIR WILLIAM JOHNSON SIR JOHN JOHNSON 

1715-74 1742-1830 

John Johnson attacked the region about Johnstown 
where his father, Sir William Johnson ( see 135 ) had 




SIR WILLIAM JOHNSON'S HOUSE 



lived at Johnson Hall, surrounded by the Mohawk 
Indians, who came to him for council. Sir William 
was colonel of the six nations, and his son inherited 



PRINCIPAL BATTLES OF THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR 



Date. 


Am. Successes. 


Eng. Sue. 


Commanders. 








American. 


English. 


1775. 
Apr. 19 
May 10 
June 17 
Dec. 31 


Ft. Ticonderoga 
captured.. 


Lexington. 

Bunker Hill. 
Quebec. 


Parker. 

T7f"Kr»-n A linn 

.jiiinan iiiien. 

Prescott. 
Montgomery 


Smith. 
Delaplace» 
Gen. Howe. 
Carleton. 


1776. 
Mar. 17 
June 28 
Aug. 27 
Dec. 26 


Boston evacuated 
Fort Moultrie. 

Trenton. 


Long Island. 


Moultrie. 
Putnam. 
Washington. 


Gen. Howe. 

Parker. 
Gen. Howe. 
Rahl. 


1777. 
Jan. 3 
Sept. 11 
Sept. 19 
Oct. 4 
Oct. 11 


Princeton. 
Bemis Heights. 
Saratoga. 


Brandywine. 
Germantown 


Washington. 
Washington. 

Gates. 
Washington 

Gates. 


Mawhood. 
Gen. Howe. 
Burgoyne. 
Gen. Howe. 
Burgoyne. 


1778. 
June 28 
July 3 


Monmouth. 


Wyoming 
Massacre. 


Washington. 
Col. Z. But- 
ler. 


Clinton. 
John Butler. 
Brandt. 


1 77Q 

July 15 
Oct. 9 


Stony Point. 


Savannah. 


Wayne. 
Lincoln. 


Johnson. 
Prevost. 


1780. 
May 12 
Aug. 16 




Charlestown. 
Camden. 


Lincoln. 
Gates. 


Clinton. 
Cornwallis. 


1781. 
Jan. 17 
Mar. 15 
Sept. 8 
Oct. 19 


Cowpens. 

Eutaw Springs. 
Yorktown. 


( Guilford 

■J Court 

( House. 


Morgan. 
Greene. 
Greene. 
Washington. 


Tarleton. 
Cornwallis. 
Col. Stewart 
Cornwallis.. 



199-202] 



THE CRITICAL PERIOD 



95 



some of his father' s influence over the Indians, which 
he used as a tory to inflame the Iroquois against the 
patriots. 

200 After the French and Indian war, English troops 
were kept in New York city between whom and the 
citizens there was endless trouble. Liberty poles were 
put up and cut down; there was a battle on Golden 
Hill, that cost wounds but no deaths. In 1770 these 
troops were called to quell the rising troubles at Bos- 
ton, and left amid hisses, not to return until 1776. 
The patriotic spirit was stirred by meetings, addresses 
and newspapers; it was directed by able readers: by 
Hamilton then a boy under twenty; by Clinton soon to 
be first state governor; by Livingston and Jay. In 
1775 Tryon, last of foreign governors whose authority 
was obeyed, fled to an English ship; Washington on 
his way to take command of the army before Boston 
was bidden God speed; and the rule of George III over 
the province of New York was ended. 

YII 17 a 201 The adoption of the Declaration of In- 
dependence made necessary some plan of union among 
the states. Franklin proposed a plan similar to that 
he had offered to the Albany congress in 1754 (see 128) 
with a common treasury supported by the colonies, a 
congress with representation according to population, 
and national control of boundaries, peace, new colo- 
nies, and Indians. This was thought to give too little 
regard to the sovereignty of the individual states; a 
substitute was proposed July 12, 1776, and the Arti- 
cles of Confederation were adopted by Congress Nov. 
15, 1777, and by the last of the states March 1, 1781. 

1} 202 Hamilton said they had the power to declare 



96 



THE CRITICAL PERIOD 



[VII, 17 a h 



anything but to do nothing. Washington said, "We are 
one nation today, thirteen to-morrow." The need of 
a constitution is shown by the differences between the 
inefficient articles of confederation, and the efficient 
national constitution (see 222). 

e 203 In 1778 Gov. Patrick Henry of Virginia 
authorized George Eogers Clark to attack the British 
post at Kaskaskia, below St. Louis. With 100 men he 
floated down the Ohio, marched across country and 
captured the fort and another without taking or losing 
a life. The whole country north of the Ohio was 
made a territory of Virginia under the name Illinois. 

204 In 1779 he captured Vincennes. Clark had 
settled with Daniel Boone in Kentucky, originally a 
part of Virginia, and in 1776 a county. After the 
revolution it rapidly filled up with hardy pioneers. 
The refusal of Virginia and the national government 
to allow it a separate government led to an attempt in 
1784 to form an independent republic in alliance, with 
Spain or Cuba. It was admitted as a state June 1, 
1792. . 

205 The ordinance of 1787 gave to the Northwest 
territory a governor and 3 judges appointed by con- 
gress, a representative assembly, a delegate in con-' 
gress, with provisions for personal and religious 
liberty, schools, creation of states, and exclusion of 
slavery. 

f 206 On Feb. 21,1787, congress recommended the 
appointment of a convention to revise the articles of 
confederation, and all the states except Rhode Island 
sent delegates to a convention that assembled in May. 



202-211] 



THE CONSTITUTION 



97 



In September they reported the present constitution, 
the agreement by which the separate states became a 
nation, corresponding with the charter in case of a 
city; and congress submitted it to the legislatures 
of the several states for adoption. 

g 207 The smaller states hesitated for fear they 
should have insufficient representation in congress, 
but 10 had ratified it by June, 1788, New York fol- 
lowed in July, North Carolina in 1789, and Rhode Isl- 
and in 1790. The men most prominent in framing it 
were Washington, Franklin, and Madison. 

h (1) 208 Congress, the law-making department 
of the national government, is made up of the senate, 
2 members from each state, elected by their legisla- 
tures for 6 years; and the house of representatives, 
the number apportioned after each decennial census, 
elected by popular vote for 2 years. Two houses are 
thought to be better than one, because the senate 
serves as a check upon any sudden wave of feeling 
that may have elected a majority in congress. The 
vice-president is the presiding officer of the senate; 
the house elects its presiding officer, who is called the 
speaker. 

209 The legislation or law-making of congress is 
done in the same general way as in the New York legis- 
lature (see 105). A bill that has passed both houses 
may become a law either by the signature of the pres- 
ident, or by repassage over his veto, or refusal to sign, 
by a § majority, or by the president's retaining the 
bill 10 session days without returning it. 

210 Congress has power to levy taxes, to declare 
war and raise an army, to admit new states. 



98 



THE CRITICAL PERIOD 



[VII 17 h 



(2) 211 The president must be native born, at 
least 35 years old, and 14 years a resident. He is 
chosen by an electoral college, made up of as many 
members from each state as there are senators and 
representatives, who are chosen at popular election. 

212 Besides the power of veto (see 209) he is com- 
mander in chief of the army and navy, he makes 
treaties, formal agreements with other nations, and ap- 
points ambassadors and other officers by consent of the 
senate. He has the power of pardon for offences 
against the United States. 

213 He appoints with approval of the senate a cabi- 
net of 9 members, including a secretary of state who 
has charge of treaties and foreign relations; 

214 a secretary of the treasury who collects taxes, 
establishes weights and measures, coins money, detects 
counterfeiting or the making of false money; 

215 a secretary of the interior, who has charge of 
the census bureau, a permanent department taking 
every 10 years a census or enumeration of the people; 
also grants patents, exclusive rights to manufacture 
for a term of years a device that one has invented ; and 
copyrights, the exclusive right to publish for a term of 
years a book or picture that one has produced; 

216 a postmaster-general, who selects postmasters 
whose salary is less than $1000, those whose salary is 
more being appointed by the president. 

(3) 217 The judges of the supreme court are ap- 
pointed by the president for life. This court decides 
disputes as to the meaning of the constitution, settles 
controversies between states, and is in general a final 



211-222] 



THE CONSTITUTION 



99 



resort in legal disputes of consequence. The first 
chief justice was John Jay of New York (see 235). 

218 Impeachment, an indictment brought against 
public officers by the house of representatives, is tried 
before the senate, which sits as a court. 

219 The constitution forbids the states to engage in 
war, or make treaties since a country can have but one 
war-making and treaty-making power ;or to coin money, 
since that would lead to varying standards of value. 

220 The states are also forbidden to deprive any 
person of life, liberty, or property, without due pro- 
cess of law, it being the purpose of the constitution to 
guarantee these to every citizen. 

221 Those who come here from abroad may be nat- 
uralized after 5 years residence in the country and 1 
year in the state: the applicant must have filed a no- 
tice of intention 2 years before, and 14 days before 
his request is acted on, a written application open 
to public inspection. 

C 222 Some of the main differences were these: 
Articles 



OF CONFEDERATION 

(1) 1 house of congress, 
salaries of delegates paid 

by states, 

delegates elected by legis- 
latures, 

delegates subject to recall. 

(2) could collect only 
through states, 



National Constitution 

2 houses of congress 
salaries paid by nation, 

representatives elected by 

people, 
election for definite terms, 
collects taxes directly, 



LOFC, 



100 THE CRITICAL PERIOD [YII 17-YIII 18 



(3) each state had one 
vote, 

(4) must be confirmed by 
legislature of every 
state. 



each member has one 
vote, 

must be confirmed by leg- 
islatures of f of the 
states. 



223 Many feared that the central government pro- 
vided was too strong, and might overthrow the rights 
of the people. Those who favored the constitution 
were called federalists; those who opposed, anti-federa- 
lists. Massachusetts was about equally divided, the 
western • counties that had sympathized with Shays 
being bitter against it. New York adopted it by the 
narrow margin of 2, and Virginia by 10. 

Till 18 224 When Washington's administration 
began, the United States extended from Maine to Flor- 
ida along the coast, reaching inland an average of 255 
miles, but not a twentieth of its people were across 
the mountains. It had 4 million inhabitants. There 
were only 5 cities of 8, 000 inhabitants, in the order of 
their size Philadelphia, New York, Boston, Baltimore, 
and Charleston; Philadelphia had only 42,000 includ- 
ing its suburbs. It had -begun the manufacture of 
cloth, carpets, brooms, and iron, leather, straw braid, 
but was mostly employed in farming, shipping, fish- 
ing, and lumbering. It had post-offices but New York 
got mails only twice or three times a week. It had 
experimented some with steamboats but relied on sails 
and stage-coaches with very poor roads. It was in- 
creasing the number of newspapers. 

As a whole New Englanders were traders, fishermen, 
and farmers on their own land. In the middle states 



222-228] 



GEORGE WASHINGTON 



101 



farming prevailed, partly under patroons. In the south 
were great planters, small planters, poor whites, and 
negroes. 

a 225 George Washing- 
ton was born in Virginia 
Feb. 22, 1732. Nothing 
was known certainly of his 
boyhood and youthful 
training. In 1747 he went 
to Mount Vernon to live 
with his half-brother Law- 
rence, where his love of 

GEORGE WASHINGTON hunting made him ac _ 

President, 1789-97, Federal quainted with Lord Fairfax ? 
who in 1748 employed him to survey property. Here 
at Mount Vernon he had some military training. In 
1751 he accompanied his dying brother to the Barba- 
does. In 1752 he was sent by Gov. Dinwiddie to warn 
the French upon the Ohio that they were encroaching 
upon English rights. He was sent again with an armed 
expedition, and the rest of his life has already been 
told in the annals of his country. 

226 On April 30, 1789, Washington was inaugurated 
at Federal Hall, in Wall street, New York, where he 
took the oath of office and made a simple speech. 

227 His cabinet was made up of Thomas Jefferson, 
secretary of state, Alexander Hamilton, secretary of 
the treasury, Henry Knox, secretary of war. Edmund 
J. Randolph was attorney general and Samuel Osgood, 
postmaster general, but for some time these were not 
regular departments. 

228 Two parties had arisen, the federalists, led by 




102 



FEDERALIST SUPREMACY [Till 18 a-19 b 



Adams and Hamilton, and the republicans led by 
Jefferson and Madison (see 223). 

b 229 During the war there had been great difficulty 
in raising money. 

Congress could ask for money but could not compel 
taxation. In Oct. 1781, it asked for 8 millions and 
got in less than half a million. It borrowed and it 
issued paper money, but for lack of money it was often 
helpless and appeared contemptible. In 1783 it owed 
42 J millions at home and 13 millions abroad, besides 
25 millions more of state revolutionary debts. In 
1781 Robert Morris was elected superintendent of 
finance. He turned over the lead ballast of his ships 
for bullets, raised $50,000 on his personal credit and 
sent it to Washington in the nick of time, restored 
specie payments in time to save the national credit, and 
did as much to insure victory as any general. Yet in 
later years he become bankrupt and was imprisoned 
for debt. 

230 Throughout the revolution the colonists had 
borrowed money from France. Hamilton advocated 
paying the federal debt in full, while Jefferson and 
Madison proposed to pay in full only original holders, 
but Hamilton prevailed. 

Finally congress voted to pay in full also the state 
debts. Interest arrears and back installments were 
paid by a fresh loan, supplemented by income from 
customs and tonnage. The remainder was refunded. 

231 An excise duty on spirits was imposed, which 
awakened great opposition in New England, Maryland, 
Virginia, North Carolina, and especially in Pennsyl- 
vania, in the west of which distilling was the chief 



228-234] 



FINANCES 



103 



industry, and where what was called the whiskey 
rebellion arose. Hundreds of armed men attacked the 
house of the inspector general, and 7,000 men marched 
to Pittsburg to intimidate the town. Washington 
called out 13,000 militia, but before they reached the 
region the insurrectionists had scattered. 

232 In 1789 an Indian war broke out in the north- 
west territory, and in 1791 Gen. St. Clair lost 1,000 
men. Anthony Wayne was put in command, and 
defeated the Indians at the Falls of the Maumee, forc- 
ing them to give up the territory now composing S. 
and E. Ohio. 

19 to 233 After the French revolution broke out 
in 1789 France sought to hold the United States to 
its treaty of alliance which it held to be annulled by 
Washington's proclamation of neutrality in 1793. 
England's orders in council, intended to destroy all 
neutral commerce with French colonies, was followed 
in March, 1794, by a counter-stroke of congress de- 
claring an embargo. War with England was immi- 
nent. 

234 In 1796 France refused to receive the Amer- 
ican minister, and in 1798 refused to receive three 
commissioners, though three men came to these lat- 
ter unofficially and asked for a quarter of a milliori' 
for the pockets of the directory. Charles C. Pinck- 
ing, one of the ambassadors, replied, "Millions for 
defence; not a cent for tribute." President Adams 
protested at this attempt to extract bribes, and be- 
came very popular; " Hail Columbia " was written in 



104 



FEDERALIST SUPREMACY 



[YIII 18 b 



his honor. Congress declared the treaties with France 
at an end, began to build a fleet, and appointed 
Washington lieutenant-general. But when Napoleon 
came to power he directed a treaty of peace in 1800. 

c 235 John Jay was prominent in the continen- 
tal congress. He became chief justice of New York 



made necessary by the acts of Genet, the French envoy 
to this country, who fitted out privateers manned 
with American seamen, to prey upon British com-, 
merce. This pushed England to the point of war, 
but the treaty, though it secured peace, was very un- 
popular, as it provided for indemnity by America for 
certain captures of 1763 by privateers, and a limited 
trade between this country and the West Indies. Jay 
wrote at least five papers for The Federalist, and was 
governor of New York 1795-1801. 

236 John Adams, after graduation from Harvard in 
1755, taught school and studied law. He settled in 
Boston and was prominent in opposing the Stamp act. 
He was chairman of the board of war in the 2d Con 




JOHN JAY 
1745-1829 



in 1777, minister to Spain 
in 1780 and was asso- 
ciated with Franklin and 
Adams in negotiating the 
treaty of peace with En- 
gland. He was secretary 
of foreign affairs 1784-9 
and in 1794, special envoy 
to England to negotiate 
what was known as the 
"Jay treaty". This was 



234-238] ALIEN AND SEDITION ACTS 



105 



tinental congress, and one 
of the committee of 5 who 
drew up the Declaration of 
Independence. He was 
minister to France and to 
Holland, and one of the 
commissioners of peace after 
the revolutionary war. He 

JOHN ADAMS 1735-1826 W&S the firSt minister t0 

president 1797-1801, Federal England and the first vice- 
president of the United States. As president he made 
the fundamental mistake of retaining Washington's 
cabinet, which felt superior to him and counselled with 
his personal enemy, Hamilton. But his defeat and 
that of his party was due to the Alien and Sedition 
acts. 

A In 1798 congress, moved by the behavior of 
France and the French newspapers, passed an Alien 
act authorizing the president to expel aliens in time of 
peace or war, and a Sedition act making it a crime to 
publish libels against the government or congress, or 
the president. 

237 Later in the year the legislatures of Virginia 
and of Kentucky passed resolutions drawn by Madison 
and Jefferson, declaring that these laws were contrary 
to the constitution and hence void. 

20 b 238 The election of 1800 gave the republicans 
73 votes to 65 for the federalists, and as the republi-. 
cans voted for both Jefferson and Burr for president, 
they were tied, and as many federalists voted for Burr, 




106 



FEDERALIST SUPREMACY [Till 18 C-IX 21 



he came near being elected. This resulted in the 12th 
amendment to the constitution by which the president 
and vice-president are voted for separately. 

239 Thomas Jefferson (American, 1743-1826) was an 
educator as well as a statesman. He was educated at 
William and Mary's college. In 1778 he presented an 
educational bill for Virginia, said to have been the sug- 
gestion for the school system adopted in Germany 
under von Humboldt, with whom he had intimate cor- 
respondence. He proposed an amendment to the 
national constitution by which the national govern- 
ment should cooperate with the states in educational 
work. Throughout his administration as president he 
favored every bill that made grants for education, 
especially that giving section 16 of every township for 
the support of common schools. In 1817 he proposed 
compulsory education for Virginia. The nucleus of 
the present congressional library is the gift of 6,700 
books from his own library. After his retirement from 
public life in 1809 he devoted himself largely to the 
establishment of the University of Virginia. 

IX 21 240 Jefferson was 
aristocratic, yet an extreme 
advocate of political equal- 
ity, and practised what he 
ca-lled republican simplicity. 
He was not a public speaker, 
yet he had more influence 
over the people than any oth- 
er man of his day. He loved 

THOMAS JEFFERSON 1743-1826 , , , * w m • t 

President 1801-9, Republican peace but he foilght Tripoli. 




238-242] 



LOUISIANA PUKCHASE 



107 



The naval contest between France and England 
led to outrages upon American shipping, culminating 
in 1807 in the seizure of the United States ship Chesa- 
peake by the British Leopard. The Embargo act of 
1807 prohibited the sailing of any vessels save coasters 
from any American port, but it failed to bring either 
England or France to terms, while it inflicted injury 
on our own shipping and commerce, so it was repealed 
in 1809. 

22 a 241 Louisiana was visited in 1542 by De Soto 
(see 10), but in 1682 was taken formal possession of by 
La Salle (see 20) . In 1762 France transferred the title to 
Spain, but got it back again in 1802. Its purchase 
was of great importance to the United States, for be- 
sides its great value as territory, Napoleon had adopted 
La Salle's plan of founding a New France in America, 
and closed the mouth of the Mississippi to American 
trade, which shut out all of American commerce west 
of the Alleghanies. He was induced to sell the entire 
territory to the United States for 15 millions. 

240 The purchase covered 1,124,685 square miles, 
doubling the national domain. In 1812 the Territory 
of Orleans became the state of Louisiana, and the 
northern portion became Missouri, admitted as a state 
in 1820. Arkansas was cut off in 1819 and bcame a 
state in 1836. For Kansas and Nebraska see~294-6. 

b 242 Our title to Oregon comes from the]discovery 
of Capt. Gray (1792), the exploration by Lewis & 
Clark (1805), the first settlement by Astoi£(1811), 
and the first permanent settlement in the Willamette 
valley (1832). Jefferson induced congress to pro- 



108 



JEFFERSONIAN REPUBLICANS [IX 21-22 



vide for'an "overland expedition to this country, which 
left St. Louis*May 14, 1804, ascended the Missouri 
1600 miles, struck across the mountains, found a west- 
flowing river, the Columbia, and followed it till they 
reached its mouth. In 1836 Dr. Marcus Whitman 
went out there, and returned by a dangerous, round- 
about route, on the supposition that Webster was will- 
ing to give up American claims to that region. It 
has-been claimed that he saw the president and saved 
Oregon, but there is no evidence of it. 

243 Great Britain offered to divide Oregon, but the 
campaign cry of 1844 was "54-40 or fight", a claim to 
the entire Pacific coast as far as Russian America. The 
imminence of a war with Mexico, however, led Presi- 
dent Polk to hesitate encountering two nations at 
once, and to the surprise of the country, in 1846 
Polk made a treaty accepting the 49th parallel 
extended to the Pacific coast. In 1845 Polk sent Sli- 
dell to Mexico to buy California, but they would not 
even receive him. 

D 244 Barbary pirates were in the habit of seizing 
vessels and holding the officers and crews for ransom. 
Washington paid them a million in 1795, and the Dey 
of Tripoli had compelled Commodore ^Bainbridge to 
carry despatches for him to Constantinople. Jefferson 
ordered Commodore Dale to the Mediterranean, who, 
in 1801 captured a Tripoli cruiser. In 1803 Preble 
was placed in command, penetrated the Tripoli harbor 
at night, burned the Philadelphia which had gone 
ashore on the rocks, and bombarded the city, captur- 
ing it April 27. The Dey made a treaty, but even 
then exacted $60,000 ransom. 



242-246] 



WAR OF 1812 



109 




23 c 245 It was a theory of England that a man 
once an Englishman was always an Englishman, and 
when sailors were wanted it had the right to seize or 
"impress" any man who had been an Englishman, 
even if he had afterward become an American. To 

find such a man it claimed 
the "right of search" of 

(American vessels, and even 
^^^■^B to take men of unques- 
I tioned American citizen- 
fl^^^ ^BB^B ship. On June 18, 1812, 
Hk 2SB W as ur § e ^- bv Clay and Cal- 
» 'By houn, war was declared, 
. HJ§I^^ President Madison giving 
in his message as reasons 
the insolence of British 
cruisers, the capture of 900 American vessls, blockades, 
the stirring up of the Indians to war, and impressment. 

246 Plans for an invasion of Canada were disarranged 
by the defeat and surrender of Gen. Hull at Detroit, 
Aug. 16, 1812. The first engagement in New York 

was in July at Sacketts 
Harbor, where 5 English 
vessels were defeated by 
guns from the shore. A 
second occurred near Og- 
densburg Oct. 4 when 700 
British attacked Gen. 
Brown and were repulsed. 
On Oct. 13 a force of Amer- 
jacob brown, 1776-1828 i ca ns crossed the Niagara 
river and captured an English fort, but were taken 



JAMES MADISON, 1751-1836 
President, 1809-17, Republican 




246-247] 



WAR OF 1812 



111 



prisoners. On Feb. 22, 1813, a British force attacked 
Ogdensburg, burning the storehouses and shipping. 
In May, 1813, another attack on Sacketts Harbor was 
defeated by Gen. Brown, and it remained the most 
important storehouse on the frontier. In 1813 Com- 
modore Perry collected 9 
small vessels in Lake Erie 
and captured the entire 
British fleet. 

247 In 1814 the British 
determined to crush the 
x^mericans, but on July 3, 
Gen. Scott crossed the Ni- 
agara and attacked the 
main British army at Lun- 
dy's Lane. Here and at 
Chippewa ihe Americans were victorious. 

At Plattsburg the army under Gen. Macomb 




OLIVER HAZARD PERRY 
1785-1819 





ALEXANDER MACOMB 
1785-1841 



THOMAS MACDONOUGH 
1783-1825 



and the navy under Captain Macdonough were simul- 
taneously attacked by 14,000 English soldiers from the 
north and a squadron from the south, the most im- 



112 



JEFFERSONIAN REPUBLICANS 



[IX 23 c 



portant battle of the war in New York state. The 
British fleet was destroyed, and the British army fled 
to Canada. 

248 In the meantime a fleet under Decatur scoured, 
the seas and secured victories everywhere. The Brit- 



both sides of the Mississippi river, and with a loss of 
8 killed and 13 wounded, killed 700 of the British, 
wounded 1400 and took 500 prisoners, the one great 
success of the war on land, and a lasting proof of 
American military ability. American privateers had 
also dismayed the maritime interests of England, so 
that America as a war power commanded respect. 

249 The British gave up the territory they held in 
Maine, Oregon, and near Mobile, and agreed not to 
take away slaves or private property. The commercial 
independence of the United States was secured, the re- 
striction in commerce during the war had diverted 
capital into manufacturing enterprises and compelled 
the people to rely on home products, the nation be- 
came independent of colonial traditions of government 
and interpreted the constitution more broadly, and 




STEPHEN DECATUR 
1779-1820 



ish captured and burned 
Washington Aug. 27, 1814, 
and the brilliant battle of 
New Orleans was won by 
Andrew Jackson Jan. 8, 
1815, after peace had been 
signed. To attack New 
Orleans 7000 troops had 
been brought from Jamaica, 
increased there to 10,000. 
Jackson posted his men on 



247-251] war of 1812 113 

the necessity of improved means of internal communi- 
cations became apparent. 



PRINCIPAL LAND BATTLES, WAR OF 1812. 



Date. 


Amer. Sue. 


JjKII. oil. 


Commanders. 








American. 


British. 


1812 
Aug. 16 

Oct. 13 




Detroit. 
Queenstown. 


Hull. 

Van Rens- 
saelaer. 


j Brock. 
( Tecumseh 
Brock 
(killed ) 


1813 
Oct. 13. 


Thames. 




Harrison. 


Proctor. 


1814 
July 25 
Aug. 24 

Sept. 11 
Sept. 3 


Lundy's Lane. 

Plattsburg. 
Fort Henry 

(bombarded). 


Washington 

burned. 


Brown. 

Macomb. 
Armistead. 


Drummond. 
Ross. 

Prevost. 
Cochrane. 


1815 
Jan. 8 


New Orleans. 




Jackson. 


— . 

Pakenham. 



250 The war had been fought mostly in New York, 
and vicinity, and in the north met with much oppo- 
sition. In 1814 delegates from several New England 
states met at the Hartford convention, and voted in 
effect that unless the war were speedily stopped the 
New England states would withdraw from the union. 
Fortunately peace was made before the resolutions 
wete reported to congress. 

X 24 a 251 The first tariff of 1789 was meant to 
protect manufactures; but laid an average duty of 8J#. 



114 



REORGANIZATION 



[ X21a 



At the outbreak of the war of 1812 these duties were 
doubled, and home manufacturers had a monopoly. 
The tariff of 1816 raised the average duty to 20$, 
South Carolina, which had originally opposed protec- 
tion, favoring this law in order to build up cotton man- 
ufacture in the south, and the western farmers being 
persuaded in its favor by Henry Clay. It did not 
bring prosperity and led, in 1819, to a panic from over- 
trading and speculation. 

252 In 1824 a new tariff supported by Clay not 
only raised duties but for the first time taxed raw ma- 
terials, including wool, and thus roused the antagonism 
of Daniel Webster, since New England shipping 
interests were injured. 

In 1828 a new law raised duties from 36$ to 49^ and 
known as the "tariff of abominations". This 
Webster supported, excusing his change of view on 
the ground that his constituents had changed their 
investments to manufactures. On the other hand, South 
Carolina protested through Calhoun, who argued that 
a protective tariff was unconstitutional and that a state 
had the right to nullify such a law by forbidding its 
execution within its state limits. This claim was 
made in the senate by Hayne in 1830, and Webster in 
a celebrated speech argued against it (see Later Regents 
Spelling, pp. 383, 360, 372, 380.) 

253 In 1832 a new law was passed reducing the 
average duties to 34$, but Clay took care that the pro- 
tective duties of 1828 were left in and some of them 
raised, and the new law was more offensive to South 
Carolina than the old one. South Carolina declared 
the acts void and began to raise troops, while congress 



251-258] the tariff; nullification 



115 



in 1833 by " the bloody bill " gave President Jackson 
authority to raise national forces, and he issued a pro- 
clamation declaring that he would enforce the laws. 

254 But congress believed that the south was 
wronged by the tariff, and as a compromise the law of 
1833 provided that the rates should be reduced at 
intervalstill 1842, when they were all to become 20$, 
whereupon South Carolina ceased to resist. Adams 
had favored the tariff of 1828 and Jackson was sup- 
posed to favor it, but he evidently yielded to South 
Carolina. 

255 In 1842, however, the whigs were determined to 
retain a high tariff, and though Taylor vetoed two 
bills, he finally signed one raising the duties from 24$ 
to 35$. In 1846 the democrats passed a law reducing 
the average to 25$, but taxing spirits 100$. The gov- 
ernment revenues became so great that in 185? the 
duties were brought down to 20$. 

256 The Morrill tariff of 1861 restored the rates of 
1846, with some high protective and excise duties, and 
during the civil war the rates were raised again and 
again to provide money for the government, ihe 
national taxes rising from 49 millions in 1860 to 490 
millions in 1865. 

257 In 1879 money had once more so accumulated 
in the treasury that there was a demand for reduction, 
but manufacturing interests were powerful, and the 
tariff of 1883 finally raised the average rate from 43$ 
to 45$. 

258 In 1887 the surplus had reached 56 millions, 
and President Cleveland declared it was a condition, 
not a theory, that confronted us, locking up currency 



116 



REORGANIZATION 



[X 24 a-26 b 



needed for trade. High protection was the issue in 
the election of 1888, and Harrison was elected upon it. 
The McKinley tariff of 1890 raised the average duties 
to 4 and in the tariff issue the democrats won in 
1892. The house passed the Wilson bill, which the 
senate so modified that President Cleveland refused 
his signature, and it became a law without. In 1897 
the Dingley tariff restored and raised still further the 
McKinley duties. 

25 h 259 Tramways for heavy loads were built near 
Boston in 1807, but the first real railway in America 
was built in 1825, from Quincy, Mass., to tide water, 
4 miles. The second from Mauch Chunk, Pa., to the 
Lehigh river, was begun in 1827. Stephenson's loco- 
motive came into use in 1829, and by 1830 there were 



peter cooper, 179M883 has been marvellous. 
There are nearly 300 thousand miles of track, 50,000 
locomotives, If million cars, and more than 15 billions 
invested. 

260 The canal which first called attention to the great 
benefit of inland waterways was the Erie canal. It was 
long planned. Before 1800 the Mohawk was labor- 




122 miles of railway in the 
country, all for cars drawn 
by horses. In 1829 a loco- 
motive was imported, and in 
1830 Peter Cooper built an 
American locom otive. 
The first New York rail- 
way was built in 1831, 
to run from Albany to 
Schenectedy. The growth 



258-261] 



MISSOURI COMPROMISE 



117 




iously navigated by means 
of small canals around 
rapids and over the portage 
to Oneida lake. DeWitt 
Clinton was the head and 
soul of the Erie canal pro- 
ject for internal improve- 
ment; and the derisive 
term of his enemies, ' ' Clin- 
ton' s ditch", has become a 

DEWITT CLINTON 1769-1828 

Governor 1825-8 name of honor. 

The canal was begun at Rome, July 4, 1817. Two 
years later a boat was drawn thirty miles to Utica in 
eight hours. Six years still were needed to finish the 
work and then (1825) the first boats went from Buf- 
falo to New York city. The canal of 1825 was a 
narrow shallow waterway Compared with its present 
dimensions. It is not too much to say that to the Erie 
canal more than to any other artificial cause New York 
city is indebted for its rapid growth as a shipping port. 

26 lb 261 The Missouri 
compromise arose over the 
petition of that state in 1818 
for admission. The people 
had slaves and wanted to 
keep them, but there were 
an equal number of free and 
of slave states, Louisiana 
having been admitted in 
1812, Indiana in 1816; 
Mississippi in 1817, Illi- 




JAMES MONROE 1758-1831 
President, 1817-25, Republican 



nois in 1818, and Alabama 



118 



REORGANIZATION 



[X 26 b-28 C 



in 1819, and there was great objection in the north to 
admitting it as a slave state, while the south was deter- 
mined to push slavery westward. Emigrants flowed 
in from the slave states to vote for slavery and from the 
free states to vote against it. Finally it was admitted 
in 1821 as a slave state, balanced by Maine as a free 
state but with the provision that hereafter there should 
be no other slave territory north of 36° 30'. 

27 262 The Monroe doctrine is a clause in Presi- 
dent Monroe's message of 1823 in which referring to 
the proposed intervention of the allied powers, France, 
Russia, Prussia, and Austria, to preserve the balance of 
power and suppress revolutions in one another' s domin- 
ions he says, ' ' We should consider any attempt on 
their part to extend their system to any portion of this 
hemisphere as dangerous to our peace and safety, ' ' and 
that ' 1 the American continent, by the free and inde- 
pendent condition which they have assumed and 
maintain, are henceforth not to be considered as 
subjects for future colonization by any " European 
powers. ' ' 

263 In President Cleveland's message, Dec. 3, 1895, 
he upheld the Monroe doctrine in the matter of a 
boundary dispute between Great Britain and Venezuela. 
Arbitration was finally agreed upon, as Great Brit- 
ain gracefully yielded, finding that the United States 
was unmistakably determined upon war if this was 
refused. 

264 Adams was accused of making a bargain with 
Clay by which Clay secured him election by congress 



261-266] 



MONROE DOCTRINE 



119 



and in return was made sec- 
retary of state. In general 
Adams favored a wide range 
of governmental activity in 
the line of internal improve- 
ments; he would have es- 
tablished observatories, in- 
stitutions of learning, and 
various like projects, in 
addition to digging canals 

JOHN QUINCY ADAMS, 1767-1848 macadamjzing roads; 

President, 1825-9, Nat. Rep. , . 

but congress was against 
him and left such matters for the slower and safer 
work of the states. 

28 C 265 The United States was settled along river 
banks. The easiest route from New York to the west 
was by the Hudson, Mohawk, and the great lakes. 
The first roads were Indian trails. When good roads 
were wanted private companies were formed to build 
and operate them. The companies obtained a charter 
and macadamized the proposed route or more often 
built a plank road; then they put up a toll-gate and 
took their pay from the travellers. By stage it was 
4 days from Boston to New York. 

266 Turnpikes, or stone pikes, roads built in a layer 
of large stones covered with small stones, were intro- 
duced in 1792. The Cumberland or national road cost 
17 millions. Though never under national control it 
received federal aid, it began at Cumberland, Mary- 
land, on the Potomac, extended in 1820 to Wheeling 
on the Ohio, and was projected through Ohio and other 
states to the Mississippi. 




120 



REORGANIZATION [X 28 OXI 29 



' 1 Its average width was 80 feet, and markers were 
placed at each quarter of a mile. It was paved with 
durable stone and covered with gravel, so as to give it 
solidity and smoothness. Precipitous mountain sides 
were hewn in places, that the heavily laden wagons 
might groove its way in perfect safety." 

The project of a great national road even to the 
Pacific was one of Clay's dreams. Monroe vetoed a bill 
to put the Cumberland road under national control. 
Adams was favorable to the project but was powerless. 
Kailroads were soon invented and the trans-continental 
highway is still unbuilt. 

D 267 Florida was discovered in 1513 by the Spanish 
Ponce de Leon , and explored in 1528 by Narvaez and in 
1539 by DeSoto (see 10). In 1564 French Huguenots 
formed a settlement, but were massacred by Menendez 
(see 11) who in 1565 founded St. Agustine, the oldest 
town in America and the first permanent American 
settlement. 

268 The Spaniards held the country till 1763, when 
they exchanged it with England for Cuba, but got it 
back in 1783 in exchange for the Bahamas. In 1795 
the territory west of the Perdido was ceded to France, 
and became a part of the Louisiana purchase of 1803 
(see 241). During the war of 1812 Florida became a 
refuge for fugitive slaves and Indians. In 1818 Gen. 
Jackson invaded it, attacked the Seminoles, and cap- 
tured Pensacola. 

269 The state was ceded by treaty in 1819, ratified 
by Spain in 1821, by which the United States paid 5 
millions for East and West Florida; the west boundary 
was settled by running an irregular line from the Sa- 



266-272] 



NULLIFICATION 



121 



bine river to the source of the Arkansas and thence 
due N" to latitude 42°, and Spain surrendered all claims 
on the Pacific coast N of 42°. It became a territory 
in 1822, and a state in 1845. 

XI 29 a 270 The term state rights has meant the 
rights of the states as interpreted by those who hold 



h 271 The southern states had claimed the right to 
secede from the union, and upon news of the election 
of Lincoln in 1860, South Carolina on Dec. 20 passed 
an ordinance repealing her adoption of the constitution 
in 1788, and reviving her independence. Mississippi 
followed Jan. 9, 1861; Florida Jan. 10; Alabama Jan. 
11, Georgia Jan. 19; Louisiana Jan. 26; and Texas 
Feb. 1 ; and on Feb. 4 these 7 states formed the Con- 
federate States of America. Buchanan could find no 
constitutional warrant for coercing a seceded state. 

272 But in 1834 when South Carolina declared the 
tariff acts of 1828 and 1832 null and void, and 
threatened if attempt was made to enforce them to 
secede(see 253), Jackson ordered Gen. Scott with troops 
and ships to Charleston, and the milliners receded. 




ANDREW JACKSON,1767-1815 
President, 1829-37, Democratic 



that the states are partners 
to a constitutional com- 
pact, with the essential 
rights, of sovereignty, and 
paramount allegiance of the 
citizen to the state rather 
than to the national gov- 
ernment; in other words, of 
those who would say 1 1 The 
United States are," not 
" The United States is." 



122 



NATIONAL DEMOCRACY [XI 30-XII 32 



30 a 273 In 1836 President Jackson, who was op- 
posed to the United States bank and had been elected 
on that issue, prevented the renewal of its charter and 
placed the government funds of which it had been the 
repository in certain state banks, which envious bank- 
officers called " pet banks". 

b 274 These banks and others issued more paper 
money than they were able to redeem, encouraging the 
speculation prompted by the opening of western lands 
and industrial conditions at the east. Paper money 
began to be at a discount, and Jackson issued the 
" specie circular " requiring the payment of taxes and 
for public lands in gold and silver. This put paper 
money at still further discount, and holders of paper 
money took the bills to the banks and demanded gold 
and silver. The banks could not pay and closed the 
doors, and the resulting financial panic of 1837 was 
disastrous. 

C 275 The Ashburton treaty of 1842 adjusted the 
boundary between the United States aud British Amer- 
ica, the United States securing ^ °f ^ ne disputed ter- 
ritory. 

(D) 276 This was an age of important inventions. In 
1834 Cyrus McOormick invented the reaper, by which 
a man with a pair of horses could do the work of many 
men, thus making possible enormous fields of grain. 
In 1846 Howe invented the sewing machine. Morse's 
telegraph (1844) led to Bell's telephone (1876) and 
Edison's phonograph (1877). 

A cable across the Atlantic was projected by Cyrus 
W. Field in 1854 and was for a few months successful 



274-278] 



PANIC OF 1837 



123 



SAMEUL F. B. MORSE ELI AS HOWE 1819-1867 

SAMUEL FINLE* BREESE MORSE (American, 
1791-1872), inveutor of telegraphy, was the son of Jed- 
ediah Morse, the geographer. After graduation from 
Yale in 1810, he went to London in 1811 with Wash- 
ington Allston, intending to become a painter. In 
1813 he received the gold medal of the Royal Academy 
for his first sculpture. Returning to America in 1815 
he became one of the founders of the American 
Academy of design, and was for many years its presi- 
dent.. He was also professor of fine arts in New York 
university. But he had been interested also in sci- 
entific studies, and in 1835 he set up in his college 
room a rude telegraphic apparatus. In 1844 he brought 
his invention befare world, the first message being 
sent May 24. He became famous, and a congress of 
the governments of Europe especially convened at 
Paris voted to present him $80,000. He also wrote 
pamphlets, poems, books, and magazine articles. 

in 1857. It was relaid by the Great Eastern in 1866 
and has since been in continuous operation. 

XII 32 277 Texas had 
originally formed part of the 
Spanish posessions in Amer- 
ica, but the United States 
by the treaty of 1819-21 
surrendered its claim that 
Texas was part of the 
Louisiana purchase, and 
Texas with Coahuila formed 
a state of Mexico. In 1833 
it foimed a constitution 

President, ! 837-4?° Democratic which Mexico refused to 




MARTIN VAN BTJREN 



124 



SLAVERY IN THE TERRITORIES [XII 32 



recognize; in 1836 it proclaimed its independence, 
which the United States recognized in 1837. It de- 
sired to be annexed to the United States, and as its 
constitution favored slavery the southern states favored 
its annexation, to obtain territory for more slave states. 

278 In 1845 the north attempted to pass in congress 
the Wilmot proviso, of all bills introduced and not 
passed the most famous in our history. A democratic 
congressman, David Wilmot, proposed a measure to 
the effect that slavery should be forbidden in all ac- 
quired territory. But the democratic party opposed 
the bill and the whigs, looking upon the proviso as a 
case of "stolen thunder" gave it no cordial support. 
And yet this very Wilmot proviso was the rallying 
point about which the people gathered tp fortify the 
anti-slavery position. 

b 279 Van Buren lost the nomination for president 
in 1844 because he "opposed the annexation of Texas, 




• WM. HENRY HARRISON 1773-1841 JOHN TYLER, 1790-1862 

President, 1841, Whig President, 1841-5, Democrat 

and Clay was defeated on the same issue. This sec- 
tional ^difference in opinion was increased by the result 
of the war. ; 



277-281] 



MEXICAN WAR 



125 




JAMES K. POLK 
President, 1845-1849, Democrat 



C 280 (b) In 1845 Texas revolted from Mexico. It 
was annexed and dispute over the western boundary 
led to the Mexican war. President Polk sent Slidell 

to Mexico to demand in- 
demnity for Texas and to 
negotiate for California. 
He was not received and 
Polk ordered Gen. Taylor 
to advance. He was at- 
W Wf tacked near the Rio 

R ^^ F Grande river April 21 , 1816, 
^ka^ and the war began with the 
battle of Matamorax, a 
portion of Taylor's forces 
being captured. He left a garrison near here and on 
his return to retrieve it the first important battle 
occurred at Palo Alto, May 8, the Mexicans retiring. 
He defeated the Mexicans also at Resaca de la Palma, 
and at Buena Vista, penetrating into northern Mexico. 

281 Gen. Scott, who had distinguished himself as a 
general in the war of 1812 and became commander-in 

chief^of the army in 1841, 
himself took command in 
Mexico, landing at Vera 
Cruz and besieging it March 
23-9, 1847, his bombard- 
ment effecting great ruin. 
This enabled Scott to march 
on the capital, defeating 
Santa Auna at Cerro Gordo, 
Contreras, and Cherubusco, 

WINFIELD SCOTT . . , , u . 

175e 1866 arriving at the city of Mex_ 




126 



SLAVERY IN THE TERRITORIES [XII 32, 33 



in August 1847, and after a siege and bombardment 
capturing it Sept. 14, terminating the war. On account 
of his success he remained in command of the army 
till 18*61, and was whig candidate for president in 1852. 



; PRINCIPAL BATTLES OF THE MEXICAN WAR. 



Date. 


Amek. Sue. 


Mex. Sue. 


Commanders. 








American. 


-Mexican. 


1846 










May 8 


Palo Alto. 




Taylor. 


Arista. 


May 9 


Resaca de la 




Taylor. 


Arista. 




Palma. 








Sept. 24 


Monterey. 




Taylor. 


Ampudia. 


1847 










Feb. 23 


Buena Yista. 




Taylor. 


Santa Anna, 


Mch. 27 


Vera Cruz. 




Scott. 


Morales. 


Apr. 18 


Cerro Gordo. 




Scott. 


Santa Anna. 


May 15 


Puebla. 




Scott. 






j Contreras. 




Scott. 


Santa Anna. 


Aug. 20 


1 Cherubusco. 










Molina-del-Rey. 




Scott, 


Alvarez. 


Sept. 13 


Chapultepec. 




Scott. 


Bravo. 


Sept. 14 


Mexico. 




Scott. 





282 By the treaty of 1848 the United States paid 
Mexico 15 millions and assumed 3 millions of debt, but 
received what is now California, Utah, Arizona and 
New Mexico, to which by the Gadsden treaty of 1853 
45,000 square miles were added of what is now Arizona 
and New Mexico, the United States paying 10 millions. 
The entire territory acquired from Mexico covered 
600,000 square miles. 

33 283 Many anti-slavery influences were at work. 
Theodore Parker preached from the pulpit against the 



281-288] 



ABOLITIONISTS 



127 



slave traffic. A young orator of wonderful eloquence, 
Wendell Philips, appeared as the champion of the 
slaves. Anti-slavery meetings were often broken up 
by riots, and in Alton, 111., the first martyr to the 
cause, Elijah P. Lovejoy, was murdered by a mob be- 
cause he persisted in publishing an anti-slavery news- 
paper. At Washington the subject of slavery had 



284 Mr. Garrison edited various journals having in 
view the emancipation of the negro, especially The 
Liberator, 1831-60. He lectured, formed the Amer- 
ican Anti-slavery society, and [continued his efforts 
till Lincoln freed the slaves in 1863. He educated 
Frederic Douglass (1817-95), the most eminent negro 
of his time, who escaped from slavery in 1838. 
Douglass lectured, held office in Washington, and 
was minister to Hayti 1889-91. 

288 After Taylor's nomination in 1848 at an im- 
mense anti-slavery meeting held in Buffalo the "free 
soil party" was formed, made up of the "Barnburners," 
followers of Van Buren and anxious to avenge him for 




WILLIAM LLOYD GAKRISON 
1805-79 



cropped out in two forms, 
— abolition petitions ad- 
dressed to congress, and the 
annexation of the republic 
of Texas. The "gag" reso- 
lutions shutting out the 
petitions of the abolition 
ists were kept in force; but 
John Quincy Adams mar- 
shalled a growing minority 
for the right of petition. 



128 



SLAVERY IN THE TERRITORIES [XII 33 



the nomination of Polk in 1844, and the "Liberty" 
party. It nominated Van Buren, and resolved that 
Congress had no more power to make a slave than to 
make a king, and ought to keep slavery out of the 
territories. In 1848, it polled nearly 300,000 votes 
and elected 14 congressmen. In 1852 the Van Buren 




ZAC3ARY TAYLOR, 1784-1850 MILLARD FILLMORE, 1800-1874 

President, 1849-50, Whig President, 1850-53, Whig 



faction united with the regular democracy, and the 
free soilers were absorbed in the republican party. 

289° The regular parties went into the canvass of 
1848 divided. The friends of Clay for a while talked 
of bolting the whig ticket; and the friends of Webster 
sulked in Massachusetts. But whig disaffection died 
away, while Van Buren drew enough votes from Cass 
to give New York State and the presidency to Zachary 
Taylor. 

Taylor was a man of marked individuality, and won 
a place in history by his military career alone. A 
military candidate was no new thing for the whigs; 
in fact, that party during its entire history placed no 



288-291] 



CALIFORNIA 



129 



other kind of presidential candidate in the field, with 
the exception of Henry Clay. Taylor, however, un- 
like Harrison the whig, or Jackson the democrat, was 
totally untried in civil positions; he was elected solely 
as the hero of Buena Vista. 

290 About the only important act of Taylor's ad- 
ministration which was carried to a conclusion was the 
Clayton-Bulwer treaty with England. This agreement 
of neutrality between the two countries in reference to 
the proposed Nicaraugua canal was thought to be a 
most important measure at the time; and the real 
meaning of its provisions was later a matter of much 
dispute. England seemed to have the better of the 
diplomatic battle." 

a (1) 291 The desire in Taylor's administration for 
a waterway between the two oceans was awakened by 
the discovery of gold in California. California was 
formed from the Mexican Cession of 1848 (see 282). Be- 




fore the Mexican war the 
United States had encour- 
eged revolt from Mexico, 
and in 1846 the settlers 
proclaimed a republic upon 
advice of Fremont, who had 
explored the Eocky moun- 
tains, continued his explor- 
ations afterward and in 
1856 was the first republi- 



1813-90 can candidate for president. 

He served in the civil war. Gold was discovered in 
in 1848, and there was a great rush of settlers, so that 



130 SLAVERY IN THE TERRITORIES [XII 33 b 

by the end of 1849 there were 100,000 inhabitants. 
Its state constitution, adopted Nov. 13, 1849, prohi- 
bited slavery and it was admitted in compromise through 
Clay's " omnibus bill " of 1850, which at the same 
time gave territorial governments to New Mexico and 
Utah without restriction upon slavery, a more effective 
fugitive slave law, and denial to congress of power to 
interfere in the slave trade between slave states. 




HENRY CLAY, 1777-1856 JOHN C. CALHOUN, 1782-1850 

292 Upon this question the great trio of the anti- 
slavery contest, Clay and Calhoun for, and Webster 




DANIEL WEBSTER, 1782-1852 STEPHEN A. DOUGLAS, 1813-61 



291-296] 



KANSAS-NEBRASKA BILL 



131 



against, were heard for the last time. They threshed 
over and over the old constitutional arguments, 
Webster losing by his disastrous" seventh of March " 
speech the high regard accorded him upon his cele- 
brated reply to Hayne. It was a " higher law " that 
was now appealed to, and Seward of New York and 
Sumner of Massachusetts came to the front as the 
leaders of a new generation of northern thinkers. Ste- 
phen A. Douglas took conservative ground. 

239 The election of 
Pierce, like Polk a dark 
horse and a weak man, did 
not help to allay the grow- 
ing agitation. The fugitive 
slave law of 1850, requiring 
the restoration of slaves who 
had escaped into northern 
states, was followed by state 
laws interfering, and by an 
"underground railroad" 
slaves were passed along secretly to Canada. 

b 294 In 1854 Senator Douglas introduced a bill 
to organize Kansas and Nebraska into territories, 
leaving the question of slavery to popular vote. As 
they were both north of 36° 30', the limit fixed by the 
Missouri compromise, the bill reopened the slavery 
question in all the western territory. 

295 North and south hurried settlers into Kansas 
to secure a majority of votes, and many crossed the 
line from Missouri without intending to settle, 'but 
just to vote. In 1855 they succeeded in electing a 
proslavery legislature, casting 5427 votes when there 




FRANKLIN PIERCE 
President, 1853-57, Democrat 



132 SLAVERY IN THE TERRITORIES [XII 33 b'f 



were only 2905 legal votes in the territory. Squatter 
sovereignty was a term used in derision as a substitute 
for popular sovereignty used by Douglas to characterize 
his plan for voting in slavery in this territory. The free- 
state settlers formed a government of their own and 
asked for admission. 

296 After a long struggle and much fighting and 
bloodshed, Kansas was admitted in 1861 as a free 
state. In 1863 Nebraska was reduced to its present 
limits, and in 1867 became a state. 

This act marks the end of a long series of com- 
promises over slavery which began with the for- 
mation of the constitution. Beginning with 1854 the 
two sides began to array for the "irrepressible conflict' , , 
but few thought the contest would be fought out on 
the battle field. The rebellion began with the Kansas- 
Nebraska bill of 1854, as the revolution began with 
the closing of the port of Boston. On Oct. 23, 1855, 
the Topeka convention prohibited slavery after July, 
1857, but was dispersed by federal troops. 

297 An incident of 1856 was a speech in the senate 
by Charles Sumner upon "The crime against Kansas", 
upon which Preston Brooks, a representative from South 
Carolina, assailed Sumner and beat him senseless with 
a cane. Brooks was censured by the House, resigned, 
and was triumphantly re-elected. 

c 298 In 1834 Dred Scott, a slave of Dr. Emerson, 
was taken by his master to the Northwest territory 
and brought back to Missouri; he afterward sued for 
freedom on the plea that his master had taken him 
into free territory. In 1857 the supreme court decided 
that slavery was a national institution, normal in the 



•295-301] 



JOHN BROWN 



133 



territories, and beyond the reach of any power except 
the state legislature; that free negroes could not be- 
come citizens; and that they had no rights which the 
white man was bound to respect. 

e 299 John Brown planned to liberate the slaves by 
; - ... force, and Oct. 16, 1859, 

with a band of 14 white 
men and 4 negroes, seized 
/ \ I \ the government armory at 



of course wholly impracticable, 19 men attempting to 
contend with a nation, but his fate aroused sympathy 
at the north, while the mistaken belief that he repre- 
sented northern sentiment embittered the south. 

f 300 The republican party was formed in 1854 by 
a combination of ''free democrats" with "anti-Nebras- 
ka" whigs and democrats, and carried 15 of the 31 
states, with 11 senators and a small majority of repre- 
sentatives. In 1856 they got for Fremont 114 votes 
to 174 for Buchanan, carrying all the northern states 
but 4. 

301 In 1860 the republicans had a small majority in 
the house; but the senate was strongly pro-slavery, 
and on Feb. 2, 1860, passed resolutions giving notice 
that if a republican president was elected the Union 
might be dissolved. The democratic national conven- 




I stopped railway trains, freed 
slaves, and for a time ruled 
the town. He was block- 
aded, captured, tried, and 
hanged Dec. 2, 1859. 
His course was illegal, and 



I Harper's Ferry, Va. He 



JOHN BROWN 
1800-59 



134 SLAVERY IN THE TERRITORIES [XII 33 f 34 a 

tion split, but finally nominated Douglas, while the 
southern bolters nominated Ereckinridge. Some 
northern and southern whigs nominated Bell, on the 
platform, "The constitution of the country, the 
union of the states, and the enforcement of the laws". 
The republicans nominated Lincoln, who was elected. 

C 302 Together with the 
effect of presidents' mes- 
sages and laws of congress 
upon the question of slav- 
ery the publication of Mrs. 
Stowe's "Uncle Tom's 
Cabin" should be noticed. 
Its effect was to awaken the 
conscience of the north 

Harriet beecher stowe and to fasten the impend- 
1812-1896 ing struggle. 

303 Helper's "Impending Crisis" was another book 
that created intense feeling, representing the views of 
the non-slaveholding whites of the south, with in- 
stances of cruelty to slaves. 

F 304 The American party, or, as it has gone into 
history, the * 'know-nothing" faction, bid fair in its 
short day to be a powerful organization. In 1855 it 
carried the election for State officers in nine common- 
wealths. Originally it was anti-foreign, especially 
anti- Catholic. Many of this party together with free- 
soilers from the democratic ranks joined with large 
numbers of the dying whig party in an organization 
which finally took upon itself the name of the repub- 
lican party. 




301-307] 



SECESSION AND CIVIL WAR 



135 




OLIVER HAZARD PERRY, 
1785-1819 



305 Having settled California and so touched the 
Pacific coast in our westward trend, our commercial 

relations with the countries 
across that ocean became a 
national question. Com- 
modore Perry was sent to 
Japan, and there he nego- 
tiated the treaty that open- 
ed the ports of that country 
to the United States, first 
of civilized nations to gain 
admittance. It was a time 
of commercial revival. 
XIII 34 a 307 The underlying cause of the civil 
■ . war was the fear of the 

south that the north would 
k overthrow slavery, thus de- 
I stroying the property in 
slaves and making it impos- 
sible for them to carry on 
agriculture. The feeling 
VHr jSBtr kad grown bitter over the 
admission of Missouri, Kan- 
sas and Nebraska, and the 
Presidert, 1857-61, Democrat disregard at the north of 
the Dred Scott decision, and had been intensified by 
the John Brown raid. Lincoln was regarded as the 
anti-slavery champion. 

Besides the South Carolina's attempt at nullification 
(see 242), the Dorr rebellion in Rhode Island had 
attempted in 1842 to overthrow the existing govern- 
ment in that state, but the effort was defeated by 
armed troops. 





136 



civil war [XIII 34, 35 



308 The next day after Lincoln's election South 
Carolina called a secession convention, which on Dec. 
20 declared that the state was no longer a part of the 
union. Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louis- 
iana, and Texas followed and in Feb., 1861, delegates 
met' at Montgomery to draw up a constitution. 

309 The constitution of the confederacy, adopted 
Feb. 18, 1861, was practically the federal constitution, 
but the executive overshadowed the legislative depart- 
ment, and the supreme court was never formed. 
Jefferson Davis was elected president, and Alexander 
H. Stephens vice president. 

310 The western and northwestern parts of Virginia 
refused to be bound by the ordinance of secession 
passed by the legislature April 17, 1861, and in May 
called a convention, voted to erect a new state, and 
elected a legislature which claimed to represent the 
state of Virginia and consented to divide the state. 
This part was admitted as West Virginia June 19,1863. 

b 311 Abraham Lincoln was born a Kentucky poor 
white, and lived the life of a back woodsman there and 



Abraham Lincoln, 1809-65 1834-42 and in congress 



President, 1861-5, Republican 1847-9. Ill the KansaS- 




in Illinois, whence he was 
often called a "rail-splitter". 
He served in the Black 
Hawk war of 1832, learned 
surveying, made a failure of 
keeping a country store, 
and finally studied law and 
became a politician. He 
served in the legislature 



308-315] 



FIRST BULL RUN 



137 



Nebraska controversy he became state leader, and he 
held a series of joint debates with Stephen A. Douglas 
for United States senator, losing but winning fame. 

312 In 1860 he was nominated for president by the 
republican party, and was elected. He was re-elected 
in 1864, and assassinated April 14, 1865. He had 
proved to be an astonishingly great man; great even 
as an orator, as is shown by his Gettysburg address 
(see Eegents Selections in American Literature, p. 22). 
On Jan. 1, 1863, he issued a proclamation emancipat- 
ing all negro slaves. 

313 Edwin M. Stanton (1814-69) was attorney 
general in Buchanan's cabinet, and secretary of war 
under Lincoln and Johnson 1862-8. He was suspend- 
ed by Johnson Aug.-Dec, 1867, which led to a quarrel 
with congress and Johnson's impeachment. 

a 314 At Fort Sumter, in Charleston, S. C, April 
14. occurred the first firing upon the American flag. 
Major Anderson surrendered. This aroused the north. 

h 315 The topography, climate and soil of the north 
and those of the south were different. They made 
slavery profitable to the south but not to the north, 
hence the north could believe in anti-slavery without 
cost to its pocket. The north was rapidly outgrowing 
the south in wealth; it had 20 million whites to 6 
million in the south; the north was a people of small 
homes, the south of big plantations with many depen- 
dents; on the other hand most of the prominent 
trained soldiers sympathized with the south, and the 
military supplies were mostly in southern arsenals. 
The north favored a tariff; the south, free trade. 



138 



CIVIL WAR 



[XIII 35 c 



C 316 On July 16 Gen. McDowell advanced from 
the Potomac to Manassas, where the confederate army 
lay under Gen. Beauregard, and on July 21 attacked, 
till afternoon with apparent success, in what is known 
as the first battle of Bull Kim. About 2 30 the tide 
began to turn, and at 4.30 Gen. Early arrived with 
fresh troops and won the day, the union troops flying 
in disorder. Gen. Sherman said the battle was one of 
the best planned and worst fought of the war. 

317 The plans for 1862 included not only the taking 
of Kichmond in the east but the capture of the Mis- 
sissippi in the west. This map shows the boundary 




of the seceded states, and the following important 
battle scenes: AAntietam, F Fredericksburg, Gr Gettys- 
burg, H Hampton Roads, I Island No. 10, K Atlanta, 
L Savannah, N New Orleans, R Richmond, S Shiloh, 
T Vicksburg. The following map shows part of Vir- 
ginia. 



316, 317] BATTLE-FIELDS OF VIRGINIA 



139 




Rivers 1 Potomac, 2 Rapidan, 3 Rappahannock, 4 York, 5 James, 6 
Appomattox. 

Places Annapolis A, Brandy Station Q, Bull Run B, Culpepper C, Fair 
Oaks F, Fairfax K, Fredericksburg I, Gordonsville G, Malvern Hill M, 
Mount Vernon V, Orange O, Petersburg P, Port Royal T, Richmond K, 
Spottsylvania S, Warrenton Li, "Washington W, Williamsburg X, Win- 
chester Z. Yorktown Y. 



PRINCIPAL BATTLES OF THE CIVIL WAR. 



Date. 


North. Sue. 


South. Sue. 


Commanders. 








Federal. 


CONFED. 


1861 










Apr. 14 




Ft. Sumpter, 


Anderson. 


Beauregard. 






S. C. 




July 21 




Bull Run, Va. 


McDowell. 


Beauregard. 


1862 










Feb. 6 


Fort Henry, 




Grant. 


Tilghman. 




Tenn 




Com. Foote. 


Feb. 16 


Fort Donald- 
son, Tenn. 




Grant. 
Com. Foote. 


Pillow. 


Mch. 8 


Merrimac 

and 
Monitor. 




Worden. 


Buchanan, 


April 


Shiloh, Tenn. 




Grant. 


Johnston, 


6-7 










Apr. 25 


N Orlpans La 




Farragut. 
Butler. 


Lovell. 


June 25 


Seven Day's 




McClellan. 


Lee. 


to 


battles ended 








July 1 


with Malvern 








Hill, Va. 








Aug. 26 




OcCUIIU. UdlLlt! 


Pope. 


Lee. 






Bull Run. 




Sept. 17 


Antietam, Md. 




McClellan. 


Lee. 


Dec. 13 






"RnTTi <5i Hp 

±J U.1 HO JAH_/ , 


Lee. 






burg, Va. 




Dec. 31 


Murfreesboro, 


Rosecrans. 


Bragg. 


or 


Tenn. 






Jan. 2 










1863 










May 




Chancellors- 


Hooker. 


Lee. 


2-3 




ville, Va. 






July 


Gettysburg, 




Meade. 


Lee. 


1, 2, 3 


Penn. 








July 4 


Siege of Vicks- 
burg, Miss. 




Grant. 


Pemberton. 


Sept. 




Chickamauga, 


Rosecrans. 


Bragg. 


19-20 




Tenn. 




Nov. 25 


Chattanooga, 
Tenn. 




Grant. 


Bragg. 



PRINCIPAL BATTLES CONTINUED. 



Date. 


North. Sue. 


'South. Sue. 


Commanders. 








Federal. 


C0NFED. 


1864 










May 


Wilderness, 




Grant. 


Lee. 


* o-o 


Va. 








May 


Spottsylvania, 




Grant. 


Lee. 




Va. 








June 3 


Cold Harbor, 




Grant. 


Lee. 




Va. 








June 14 


Alabama and 




vv mslow. 


Semmes, 




Kearsarge— off 










coast of 


















Aug. 5 


Closing Mobile 




Farragut. 


Buchanan. 




Harbor, Ala. 








Sept. 2 


Atlanta, Ga 




Sherman. 


Mood. 


Oct. 19 


Cedar Creek, 




Sheridan. 


Early. 




Va. 








Dec. 


Nashville, 




1 homas. 


Hood. 


15-16 


Tenn. 








Dec. 21 


Savannah. 




Sherman. 




1865 










Apr. 1 


Battle Five 




Grant. 


Lee. 




Forks, Va. 








Apr. 9 


Appomattox 




Grant. 


Lee. 




Court House, 










Va. 









142 civil war [XIII 35 c 

318 After the promotion of McClellan to the head 
of the army the union forces lay inactive till March 17, 




GEO. B. McCLELLAN ROBERT E. LEE 

1826-85 1807-70 



1862, when he sailed down Chesapeake bay to ascend 
to Richmond from the south. On July 1 he was 
driven back from Malvern hill and lost 15,000 men in 
retreating. Pope was defeated at the 2nd Bull Run 
Aug. 26, and Lee invaded the north. McClellan fol- 
lowed him and forced a battle at Antietam creek, 
near Harper's Ferry. The first day was indecisive, 
McClellan did not dare risk a fight the second day, 
and when reserves arrived on the third day Lee with 
his 40,000 men had slipped away, and McClellan was 
removed. In 1864 he was democratic candidate for 
president against Lincoln, but sentiment was with Lin- 
coln, and McClellan got only 21 electoral votes. 

In the west Gen. George Henry Thomas (1816-70) 
in Jan. 19, 1862, gained the first marked success of the 
war at Mill Spring, Ky. He won the name ' 'Rock of 
Chicamauga ' ' by his steadfastness at the battle 
there, Sept. 19, 20, 1863, shared Sherman' s campaign 
of 1864, and won the battle of Nashville, Dec. 15, 
16, 1864. 



/ 



318-320] 



FREDERICKSBURG 



143 



319 Burnside was appointed to succeed McClellan, 



Ambrose e. BURNsiDE city, and in the mean time 



river to march up the plank road and attack the con- 
federates from behind. Not caring to contribute to 
Burnside's success, Franklin failed to cooperate and 
the battle was lost. The union had 125,000 troops to 
78,000 confederates, and lost 12,300 men to 5,000. 
It was the darkest period of the war. The author of 
this volume, who was then a drummer in Co. D, 1st 
Mass. Vols., remembers seeing President Lincoln ride 
from one camp to another at Falmouth, opposite Fred- 
ericksburg, after the battle, and it seemed to him that 
Mr. Lincoln' s face was the saddest he ever looked upon ; 
he did not know upon whom to depend. 

320 Commodore Foote and Gen. Grant captured 
Fort Henry on the Tennessee Feb. 6, 1862, and Fort 
Donelson on the Cumberland Feb. 15. The confed- 
erate general asked what terms would be accepted, and 
Gen. Grant replied, *'N"o terms except immediate and 
unconditional surrender can be accepted; I propose to 
move immediately on your works," and the fort sur- 
rendered. This opened the Mississippi as far as Island 




to the great jealousy of 
some of his fellow generals. 
He planted the army before 
Fredericksburg, and on the 
morning of Dec. 13 crossed 
the river on pontoons, cap- 
turing part of the city. In 
the afternoon he charged 
the batteries behind the 



1824-81 



had sent Franklin down the 



144 



CIVIL WAR 



[XIII 35 c 



No. 10, which surrendered April 8. Memphis surren- 
dered June 7. 

321 Meantime the confederates concentrated at 
Corinth, Miss., while Grant, who had been removed, 
was restored and on March 17 took command of the 
union forces at Pittsburg Landing, or Shiloh, on the 
Tennessee. Despite Gen. Sherman's stubborn resist- 
ance by noon the confederates had gained advantage, 
but at two Gen. Albert Sidney Johnson was killed, 
Grant held his own, and the next day drove the con- 
federates back to Corinth. 

323 On April 24, Farragut's fleet, which had as- 



david Glasgow farragut preventing the confederates 



captured Mobile Bay in 1864, after a naval engage- 
ment lasting Aug. 5-23. 

324 In Virginia Burnside was succeeded early in 
1863 by Gen. Hooker, who marched up the Rappa- 
hannock and turned Lee's left at Chancellorville but 
was defeated, Howard's wing even running wildly 
away. It cost the union 17,000 men, but the confed- 
erates more, for Gen. Stonewall Jackson was killed. 

325 Jubilant with victory, Lee's army invaded the 




cended the Mississippi, be- 
gan to shell the forts below 
New Orleans, and on April 
23 ran past them up the 
river, captured or destroy- 
ed the entire confederate 
fleet, and captured the city, 
which remained in union 
hands throughout the war, 



1801- 70 



from using the river. He 



320-328] 



GETTYSBURG 



145 



north again, getting almost to Harrisburg, Pa. Gen. 
Meade had been put in command and followed, and 
the decisive battle of the war occurred at Gettysburg. 
On July 1 Gen. Reynolds in advance was pressed back 
and killed, but Hancock, who had been sent forward 
chose Cemetery ridge, back of the village, and took 
position there. On July 2 the confederates made a 
charge upon the union left and on July 3 upon the 
centre, but were repulsed and the battle was won. 

326 On the same day that Gettysburg was decided 
white flags appeared on the walls at Vicksburg, Miss., 
which surrendered the next day, after a siege begun 
April 16. On July 8 Port Hudson fell and the Mis- 
sissippi was under entire union control. 

327 After Gen. Grant had been put in charge of the 
army in the spring of 1864, by battles at Wilderness, 
Va., close to Ghancellorsville, and at Spottsylvania and 
at Cold Harbor, Va., he had succeeded in little more 
than weakening the enemy at much great loss to union 
troops, but with advantage because the union troops 
could be reinforced while the confederate could not. 




WM. TECUMSEH SHERMAN 



1820-91 



328 Sherman's celebrated 
march to the sea cut the 
confederacy in two. He 
started from Atlanta Nov. 
15, 1864, with 62,000 men, 
lived on the country and 
devastated it, and reached 
Savannah Dec. 10. On 
Feb. 1, 1865, he moved 
north. 



146 



CITIL WAR 



[XIII 35 c-e 



329 On June 13, 1864, Grant began to cross the 
James river, and for 9 months besieged Petersburg, 
On April 2, 1865, Lee began to retreat from Richmond 
but was cut off: by Sheridan's cavalry, and on April 9 
surrendered at Appomattox courthouse. On April 26 
Johnston surrendered to Sherman at Raleigh, and the 
war was practically ended. 

330 On April 19, 1861, Lincoln proclaimed a 
blockade of all southern ports, and began his "ana- 
conda policy" of pressing on the confederacy from all 
sides at once by purchasing and equipping vessels of 
all kinds to prevent commerce with the south, finally 
throttling the trade of the south with the rest of the 
world. 

331 The work of the navy was impeded because a 
third of the officers resigned to join the confederacy, 
and all the southern navy yards were seized, with the 
vessels in them. At the beginning of the war the 
United States had only seven steamers and five wooden 
cruisers. Merchant vessels were hastily bought and 
equipped, and presently the blockade of southern ports 
became effective. The confederacy issued letters of 
marque to merchantmen to capture union vessels and 
send out cruisers, but the United States blockaded, 
took, or sunk all except the Shenandoah. 

332 The navy captured Fort Hatteras and Hilton 
Head in 1861. For its work on the Mississippi see 
320-323. In 1865 Fort Fisher was taken and the port 
of Wilmington closed, leaving no large port open ex- 
cept to blockade runners. For the work of the navy 
in the Spanish war see 360. 

332 When the Norfolk navy-yard was abandoned in 



329-334] 



MONITOR AND MERRIM AC 



147 



April, 1861, the frigate Merrimac was sunk. The 
confederate government raised it and converted it into 
an iron ram. On March 8 the union fleet rode at 
anchor in Hampton Roads, Va., when the Merrimac 
steered for the Cumberland and sunk her, filling the 
nation with consternation. The next day she was 
about to resume the work of destruction, when the 
Monitor, which had arrived at midnight, moved out to 
fight. It was an odd-looking craft, invented by Capt. 
John Ericsson, and looking like a cheese-box on a raft. 
After 3 hours fighting the battle stopped by mutual 
consent, but the Merrimac's career had ended, the 
American navy and merchant-ships were saved, and 
a new style of battle-ship had come into use. 

e 333 On May 13, 1861, England proclaimed neu- 
trality between the United States and " certain states 
calling themselves the Confederate States", and other 
European governments followed. The Confederacy 
sent Mason and Slidell as commissioners to Europe to 
ask for full recognition. While on their way, upon the 
British merchant steamer Trent, on Nov. 8 they were 
forcibly taken off by Captain Wilkes of the San Jacinto. 
There was danger of war with England, but Lincoln 
considered it doubtful if they were rightfully captured 
and they were given up. 

334 The confederates preyed upon northern com- 
merce by fitting out privateers, one of which, the Ala- 
bama, built in England and allowed to sail in spite of 
the protest of the American consul, did injury which 
was appraised by the Geneva award at 15 millions, and 
that amount was paid by Great Britain to the United 
States. 



148 



civil war [XIII 35 f-XIY b 



f 335 The United States sanitary commission was 
created June 9, 1861, by the secretary of war. Socie- 
ties were formed all over the country, and although 
official support was refused for fear of interference with 
officers of the army, some 20 millions was raised, 
depots were established at the large cities, and both 
goods and help were sent where needed. Devices to 
assuage suffering and save life were introduced, and 
sanitary conditions were looked after. 

336 The Christian commission was organized Nov, 
14, 1861, by the Zoung Men's Ohristain association to 
supplement the work of the sanitary commission. 
Volunteer delegates to serve for six weeks were enlisted 
who went to the front, provided chapel tents, held ser- 
vices, established libraries, and extended their services 
to confederate states. Its donations exceeeded 3 mil- 
lions iu value. 

h 337 The war had settled the questions of emanci- 
pation (see 37) and state sovereignty; it had proved 
that the United States is, not are. 

C 338 New York furnished for the civil war 473, 
443 men, of whom 53,802 died; and paid 35 millions 
in bounties, beside the cost of equipment, contributing, 
in money more than 150 millions. But in April, 1863, 
when the president called for 300,000 men, some coun- 
ties could not fill their quotas even at enormous boun- 
ties. In New York city drawing began July 11, a mob 
smashed the marshall's office, set the building on fire, 
and would not let the firemen turn on water; they 
burned the colored orphan asylum, and for three days 
were in part control, but regiments were sent back 
from the front and order was restored. 



335-341 



REORGANIZATION 



149 



XIV 36 a 339 President Lincoln's theory, accepted 
by President Johnson, was that it was necessary only 

that a sufficient number of 
citizens should form a state 
government of which the 
officials were loyally desirous 
to maintain constitutional 
relations with the union. 
West Virginia had been 
made a separate state by 
such a legislature (see 310)« 
andrew johnson, 1808-75 Congress held that the 
President, 1865-9, Republican southern states could be re- 
admitted only on such terms as congress made, believ- 
ing that the rights of the enfranchised negroes could 
not be maintained otherwise. 

lb 340 Before the end of 1865, Johnson had recognized 
provisional governments in 12 of the 13 southern states, 
but the congress that met in December, proposed the 
14th amendment and made it a prerequisite to re- 
admission. In 1867 it passed the reconstruction act, 
dividing the south into 5 military districts, under com- 
mand of army generals, who were to register voters in- 
cluding negroes and excluding those disqualified by the 
14th amendment. These voters were to elect a con- 
vention to make a constitution, and if this was ratified 
by the voters and acceptable to congress, the state 
should be readmitted when its legislature had ratified 
the 14th amendment. 

341 This led to the " carpet-bag " governments, the 
word carpet-bagger being originally applied to north- 
ern men who obtained temporary homes in the south- 




150 



problems of peace [XIV 36 b-37 a 



ern states in order to run for congress, and after 1865 
given to northern republicans who settled in the south, 
and to all whites who attempted to control the negro 
vote. 

342 Under this act Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, 
Louisiana and the Carolinas were readmitted. Tennes- 
see had been admitted in 1866. Georgia, Mississippi, 
Texas and Virginia were required to ratify also the 
15th amendment and were admitted in 1870. 

343 The following quotations bearing on the topic 
of Johnson's impeachment are from Blaine's " Twenty 
Years of Congress": 

" Casting off all political disguises and personal pre- 
tenses, the simple truth remains that the tenure-of- 
office law was enacted lest President Johnson should 
remove republican office-holders too rapidly; and it 
was practically repealed lest President Grant should 
not remove democratic office-holders rapidly enough. 
* * * * Regarded only in the light of expediency 
at the time, it could readily be demonstrated to be a 
b]under. ,, 

"The sober reflection of later years has persuaded 
many who favored impeachment that it was not justifi- 
able on the charges made. * * The President was 
impeached for one series of misdemeanors and tried for 
another series." 

C 344 In the south Johnson's policy was disastrous. 
Some of the legislatures were controlled by negroes, 
taxes were increased, and in the state of Alabama in 6 
years swelled from 8 to 25 millions. In many states 
negro suffrage was broken up by violence through the 
Ku Klux Klan, a movement that began in 1868, by 



341 345] 



RECONSTRUCTION 



151 



which men masked rode about threatening negroes and 
whipping or shooting their leaders. By 1874 a tidal 
wave sent many democratic members to congress from 
the south, and since then the negro vote has not been 
influential. Meantime mining and manufactures have 
developed, especially in Georgia and Alabama, and the 
new south is gradually recovering from the poverty in 
which it was plunged after the war. 



at Cairo, seized Paducha, and was made major-general 
for his capture of Forts Henry and Donelson. Other 
victories were crowned by the capture of Vicksburg and 
the victory at Chattanooga, and he was made lieutenant- 
general. He took command of the army of the east, 
and after defeat at Wilderness and Spottslyvania he 
kept doggedly pursuing the ememy till he compelled 
final surrender at Appomattox. In 1868 and 1872 he 
was elected president, but placed confidence in the 
wrong men. He then went into the banking business 
but was ruined. In his final days, near Saratoga, he 
wrote his memoirs, from which his family received 
half a million. 




ULYSSES SIMPSON GRANT 
1822-85, 

President, 1869-77, Republican 



37 a 345 Ulysses Simp- 
son Grant was born in Ohio 
and graduated from West 
Point in 1843. As a lieu- 
tenant he fought in the 
Mexican war, and was 
brevetted captain for brav- 
ery at Chapultepec. In 
1854 he resigned and went 
into business. In 1861 he 
re-entered the army, was 
put in charge of the forces 




152 problems of peace [XIY 37 a 

In 1872 Horace Greeley, 
editor of the New York 
Tribune, was the democra- 
tic candidate against Gen. 
Grant, but was so sorely 
defeated that he died of a 
broken heart. He was 
called by Whittier " the 
[ horace greeley, 1811-1872 later Franklin''. 

346 The Indian reservations were being hard pressed 
by the settlers, and in spite of Grant's peace policy of 
1869 the Sioux of the upper Missouri under Sitting 
Bull in 1876 totally destroyed a force of 200 troops 
under Gen. Custer. 

347 The election of 1876 
gave Tilden 203 electoral 
votes and Hayes 166, but 
the republican senate in- 
sisted that the legal votes of 
South Carolina, Florida, 
Louisiana, and Oregon gave 
a majority to Hayes. Many 
democratic votes had been 
thrown out in these states; 
the negro voters if they 
could have voted freely 
would have carried these states for Hayes. On Jan. 
29, 1877, [congress created an electoral commission of 8 
republicans to 7 democrats, and by a vote of 8 to 7 
Hayes was declared to have 185 electoral votes to 184 
or Tilden. 




RUTHERFORD HAYES 
1822-93, 

President, 1877-81, Republican 



345-348 



ELECTORAL COMMISSION 



153 




JAMES A. GARFIELD, 1831-81 
President. 1881. Republican 



CHESTER A. ARTHUR, 1830-86 
President. 1881-5, Republican 



348 On Sept. 19, 1881, President Garfield was shot 
in the waiting room of the railway station at Washing- 
ton by a half crazy man who had been disappointed in 
the distribution of appointments. 

349 Dissatisfaction with 
the republican attitude 
on the tariff (see 251-8) 
led in 1884 to the de- 
feat of Blaine, the re- 
publican candidate, and 
the election of Cleveland, 
through a plurality in New 
York of 1149 in a total vote 
of 1,167,000, and after the 
return of the republicans to 
power for four years, he was 
In 1886 congress enacted that 
in'case of the death or disability of the president and 
vice-president, the secretary of state should fill the 
vacancy, and in his 'place other members of the cabi- 




GROVER CLEVELAND, 1837- 
President, 1885-9: 1893-7 
Democrat 

again elected in 1892. 



154 



PROBLEMS OP PEACE [XI Y 37 a 




net in a specified succession. 
As has been shown, Har- 
rison was elected upon the 
issue of high tariff (see 258). 
The states of North Dakota, 
Montana and Washington 
were admitted in 1889, 
Idaho and Wyoming in 
1890. Utah was excluded 



benjamin habrison, 1838-190J because the territorial gov- 

President, 1889-93, Republican eminent COUld not prevent 

polygamy, but it was afterwards admitted in 1896 on a 
pledge in the state constitution that polygamy should 
not be allowed. 

In 1890 an anti -trust law was passed penalizing 
illegal combinations of manufacturing and trading 
companies and railways. In 1892 there was a strike 
in the Homestead iron works at Pittsburg, followed in 
1893-4 by a strike in the Pullman car works near Chi- 
cago. On July 8, 1894, President Cleveland called out 
United States troops under the interstate commerce act 
to prevent the obstruction of the mails, and the strike 
was soon broken. 

An income tax was established by law, but in 
May, 1895, the supreme court declared it to be uncon- 
stitututional. 

The repeal in 1893 of the law compelling the treas- 
ury to purchase silver led the democrats in 1896 to 
declare for free coinage of silver and to nominate Wil- 
liam J. Bryan. The republican party declared 
against it, and on this issue McKinley was elected pres- 
ident. 



349-351] ANOTHER PRESIDENT ASSASSINATED 155 




WILLIAM McKINLEY, 1844-1901 THEODORE ROOSEVELT, 1858- 
President. 1897-1901, Republican President, 1901-, Republican 



350 William McKinley was born in Ohio and served 
as a volunteer in the civil war. He was member 
of congress 1877-91, and framed the tariff act of 
1890. He was governor of Ohio 1892-6, and was elected 
president in 1896 and in 1900. On Sept. 14, 1901 
he was fatally shot, while holding a reception in the 
music building at the Pan American Exposition by a 
man who had come up like the rest apparently to 
shake hands. 

351 Alone of the vice-presidents who had become 
presidents by death President Roosevelt was re- 
elected in 1904. 



PRESIDENTS AND VICE PRESIDENTS OF THE 
UNITED STATES. 



No. 


Presidents. 


Res. 


Inaug. 


Time. 


Vice-Presidents 


1 


f-iprircrp Wncihin ctfin 


V cl. 


1 78Q 
J too 


o yis. 


joun Axiams. 


2 


Tnhn A Ham<i 


Mass 


1 7Q7 

X 1 o i 


4 " 


Thnmoc Tpflri-ii'onn 
l ilOllltls «j clXcl bOIl. 


3 


T'hnci .TpfFprtjnn 

i. 1IUO. * / v" 1 1 V i O U 1 1 , 


V d. 


1801 
xoux 


8 " 
o 


xi-cll Oil XjUII. 












George Clinton. 


4 


James Madison. 


Va. 


1809 


8 " 


George Clinton 












"Fllnvirlcp CJ-Pvi't' 

J.jlL/1 ILli^L VTLIl > . 


5 


rj dll-lCo lTXWlllWC. 


V d. 


1 81 7 
lOl 1 


ft ' ' 
o 


ljaii. u. 1 0111 ph. ins 


6 


.Tnlm O AHmTi<3 

ft Willi V / . i V V 1 Cl 11 1 . 


Mass. 


1 89*; 


4 " 


.Tnhn C\ PoUmiin 

•J UiiiX \j. V^ctlllOUXl. 


7 


Andrew Jackson. 


Tenn. 


1829 


8 " 


John C. Calhoun. 












lYToT "\7"s*n Pnvfin 
-LTXcli . v dll XjLIIciI. 


8 


lVFnvHn Van "Rnrpn 


N. Y. 


1 897 

XOO 1 


4 " 


T?ir*li 1VT Tnli 710/^11 
XVICIi. i.TX. UOlllloOll. 


9 


Win. H. Harrison. 


Ohio. 


1841 


1 mo. 


John Tyler. 


10 


Tnhn Tvlpr 
o ouii i y ici # 


Va. 


1 84-1 
xotx 












1rtm/i 

i u mo. 












~o oa. 




11 


Tom go TT Pnllr 
james ±v. x oik.. 


Tenn 


184*5 
x otto 


4 yrs. 


CnrPriT fTP "\T T^qIIqO 

VJcOlgt; 1TX. UOiLldiS. 


12 


z^acnary idyioi. 


.Lou. 


1 8AQ 


i y r - 


irxilldlU. X 1 lllxllOIc. 










4 mo. 












9Q rlo 

<co oa. 




19 


ATI ^ 1 ii i s /l TTillmnvp 


1ST V 


IOOU 


2 yrs. 












7 mo. 












99 rlo 

~o aa. 




14. 
x*± 


Franklin Pierce. 


IV TT 

x> . XX. 


18*59 
lOOO 


4 yrs. 


VV 1X1. XV. XA.1111^. 


15 

J.U 


Tomoc "Rim nan tin 

O dXllCo -L> LI C JUL till (111. 




18*57 


4 " 


I C^. 'R'rpplrinTi r\ ctp 

U . vy. XJX t/Cl^-lllL 


1 ft 
ID 


AbrsJicLni Lincoln. 


Til 
ill. 


1 8fi1 
xOOx 


4 yrs. 


Ho Tl Til 1"10 1 TToTVlllTI 

XlclIllXlUdl XXdlllllll. 










1 mo. 


A 11 (1 1*/ 1 1 \ T l^lllllC'l\ll 

xxllOlcVV uOillllbOil. 










11 r\o 

1 1 ua. 




17 


A nH rpw -Toll n tion 


Tenn. 


1865 


3 yrs 












1A 1T , n 
IV lllO. 












1 7 rla 

i t oa. 




lo 


tti a /-i 
Ulysses d. vjrrant. 


Til 
111. 


1 ftfiQ 


O >1S. 


fechuyler Ooltax. 








Henry "Wilson. 




xtuinen u jj. xiayes 


unio. 


1 ft77 
Lot i 


/I »< 


^vVm. A. AVheeler, 


on 


James A. Garfield. 


unio. 


lool 


6 mo. 


Chester A. Arthur. 










lo aa. 






Chester A. Arthur. 


IN . I . 


lool 


3 yrs. 












5 mo. 












15 da. 




22 


Grover Cleveland. 


N. Y. 


1885 




T. A. Hendricks. 


23 


Benj'n Harrison. 


Ind. 


1889 


4 yr. 


L. P. Morton. 


24 


Grover Cleveland 


N.Y. 


1893 


4 yr. 


Adlai Stevenson. 


25 


Win. McKinley. 


Ohio 


1897 


4 yr. 


Garret A. Hobart 








6 mo 


Theo. Roosevelt. 










10 da 




26 


Theo'e Roosevelt. 


N.Y. 


1901 







PRESIDENTS AND VICE-PRESIDENTS, CONTINUED. 





BORN. 


Died. 


Last Resting 


Presidents. 












Place. 




When. 


Where. 




George Washington 


1732. 


Va. 


1799. 


Mt. Vernon, Va. 


John Adams. 


1735. 


Mass. 


1826. 


Quincy, Mass. 


Thomas Jefferson. 


1743. 


Va. 


1826. 


Monticello, Va. 


James Madison. 


1751. 


Va. 


1836. 


Montpelier, Va. 


James Monroe. 


1758. 


Va. 


1831. 


Hollywood C, Rich- 
mond Va. 


John Q. Adams. 


1767. 


Mass. 


1848. 


Quincy, Mass. 


Andrew Jackson. 


1767. 


N. C. 


1845. 


In the garden of 
the "Hermitage," 
near Nashville, Tenn. 


Martin Van Buren. 


1782. 


N. Y. 


1862. 


Kinderhook, N. Y. 


Wm. H. Harrison. 


1773. 


Va. 


1841. 


North Bend, Ohio. 


John Tyler. 


1790. 


Va. 


1 ftfiO 
IOO.O. 


Hollywood C. , Rich- 








Tnnnfl Va Ipn 

lllUllUj v c*. , t^u 

yds. from Monroe. 


James K. Polk. 


1795. 


N. C. 


1849. 


In his garden. Nash- 
ville Tenn. 


Zachary Taylor. 


1784. 


Va. 


1850. 


Cave Hill 0., Louis* 








ville, Ky. 


Millard Fillmore. 


1800. 


N. Y. 


1874. 


Forest Lawn C. 
Buffalo, N. Y.' 


Franklin Pierce. 


1804. 


N. H. 


1869. 


Concord, N. H. 


James Buchanan. 


1791. 


Penn. 


1868. 


Woodward Hill C, 
Lancaster, Pa. 


Abraham Lincoln. 


1809. 


Ky. 


1865. 


Oak Ridge C, 
Springfield, Ohio. 


Andrew Johnson. 


1808. 


N. C. 


1875. 


Greenville, Tenn. 


Ulysses S. Grant. 


1822. 


Ohio. 


1885. 


Riverside Park 








N. Y. City. 


Rutherf dB. Hayes. 


1822. 


Ohio. 






James A. Garfield. 


1831. 


Ohio. 


1881. 


Lake View C. , 
Cleveland, Ohio. 


v^iicaici it, xi_l tllUI . 


1830. 


Vt. 


lOOO. 


Rural C. , Albany , 
N. Y. 


Grover Cleveland. 


1837. 


N. J. 






Benjamin Harrison 


1833. 


Ohio. 


1901 


Indianapolis, Ind , 


William McKinley 


1843. 


Ohio. 


1901 


Canton, O 


Theod'e Roosevelt 


1858. 


N. Y. 





EE STATES OF THEE UNION 



States 



Delaware 

Pennsylvania 

New Jersey 

Georgia . . . 

Connecticut 

Massachusetts . . . 

Maryland 

South Carolina. . 
New Hampshire. 

Virginia 

New York 

North Carolina.. 

Rhode Island 

Vermont* 

Kentucky* 

Tennessee 

Ohio 

Indiana 

Mississippi 

Illinois 

Alabama 

Maine* 

Michigan 

Wisconsin 

West Virginia* . 

Louisiana 

Florida 

Arkansas 

Missouri 

Iowa. 

Kansas 

Nebraska 

North Dakota... 

South Dakota 

Montana 

Wyoming 

Californiat 

Nevada 

Utah 

Oregon 

Washington 

Idaho. .". 

Minnesota 

Colorado 

Texas+ 

Total 



1 Electoral 
| Vote 


Populati'n 
1900 


Area 
Sq. Mi. 


Admitted 


Origin 


3 


1 QA TQX 

lo<i, too 


2,000 


1789 


Original 


34 


ft '1<Y> 1 1 £ 


45,215 


1789 


12 


1 fiSQ fiftQ 

i,ood,ooy 


7,815 


1789 




13 


<i,/ilO,OOl 


59,475 


1789 




7 


One 490 


a Qon 


1789 




16 


9 fine; 


8,315 


1789 


(1 


8 


1 1 fifi ft/M 


12.210 


1789 




9 




30 570 


1789 




4 


411 588 


q Qn^ 
y,ouo 


1789 




12 


1 fi^/i ifi/i 

1,001,184 


42,450 


1789 




39 


7 9ftfi fiQ4 


49,170 


1789 




12 


i,oyo,oiu 


K9 9Rn 

04,/iOU 


1789 




4 


428,556 


1,250 


1790 




4 


343,641 


9,565 


1791 


From original 


13 


2,147,174 


/in /inn 


1792 


territory 


12 


9 H9A A1 A 
fZ.V/iV, DID 


42,050 


1796 


23 


4,10/ .O'lO 


41,060 


1803 




15 


9 £1 ft /1R9 


36,350 


1816 




10 


1 551 270 


46,810 


1817 




27 


a 091 ~Kn 


OD.DOU 


1818 


, . 


11 


1 G9fi ftQT 


52,250 


1819 




6 


ftQd zlftft 


33,040 


1820 




14 


9 /I9A Qfi9 


58,915 


1837 




13 


o'dfiQ H19 


56,040 


1848 




7 


Q^fi finn 


24,780 


1863 




9 


1 QQl A9X 
l,ool,D<iO 


24,780 


1812 


By purchase 




528 , 542 


58,680 


1845 




9 


1,311.564 


53,850 


1836 




18 


0,1UO.DDO 


69,415 


1821 




13 


9 9Q1 QhQ 


56,025 


1846 




10 


1,470,495 


82,080 


1861 




8 


1 nftft 
l,Uoo,oUJ 


77.510 


1867 


, 


4 


319,146 


70,795 


1889 




4 


401 570 


77 650 


1889 


( , 


3 


9/19 09Q 


i Ad non 
]4b,UoU 


1889 




3 


y^,ooi 


97,890 


1890 




10 


1,485,053 


158,360 


1850 


By conquest 


3 


42,335 


110.700 


1864 




3 


276,749 


84,970 


1896 




4 


413,536 


96 030 


1859 


( By discovery 


5 


518,103 


69,180 


1889 


•< " and 


3 


161,772 


84,800 


1890 


( cession 


11 


1,751,394 


83,365 


1858 


Mixed 


5 


539,700 


103,925 


1876 




18 

386 


3,048,710 


265,780 


1845 


Adm'd republic 



Territories 


Populati'n 
1900 


Area 
Sq. Mi. 


Territories 


Populati'n 
1900 


Area 
Sq. Mi. 


New Mexico 


195.310 
122,931 
398.331 
392,060 
154,001 


122,580 
113,020 
39,030 
31,400 
6,449 


Alaska 


63.592 
953,243 
278,718 

9,000,000§ 


590,884 
3,531 
70 

114,361 






Oklahoma 


Dist. of Columbia. 

Colonies 
Philippine Isl'nds 



* Formed from other states, t Admitted without having been a terri- 
tory. JAnnexed as a state. All the other new states, 14-45 were territories 
before being admitted. § Estimated, 



352-355] civil service reform 



159 



b 352 One source of the president's power is his 
contro] over appointments. Directly or indirectly all 
executive officers are filled by men whom he names. 
True, his most important nominations must be con- 
firmed by the senate, but he alone has the initiative of 
selection (see 213, 216). 

353 This has been a burden and. a danger as well as 
a power. Their constituents have besieged congressmen 
for government offices; congressmen have besieged the 
president; and time that should be given to weightier 
matters has been spent in calculating how patronage 
should be distributed. Vice-president Colfax told of 
a clergyman from a small town who called on Presi- 
dent Lincoln in the interest of a man who wanted to 
be postmaster there, and began by sympathizing with 
Mr. Lincoln upon the enormous responsibility with 
which the war was loading him down. " Oh, it is not 
the war," replied Mr. Lincoln; "I can get along with 
the war very well It is your plauguy little post-office 
that is killing me." 

351 The civil service is the general term applied to 
the vast army of persons that are employed in the state 
or government offices as clerks, accountants, inspec- 
tors, keepers, etc. 

355 In England great abuses arose because those in 
power appointed the subordinates in public offices 
through favoritism, using the appointing power as 
patronage and choosing men not because they were 
fitted but because they were relatives, or friends, or 
had rendered services to the party; sometimes be- 
cause they had paid money to be appointed. This led 
to civil service reform, under which parliament decreed 



160 



PROBLEMS OF PEACE [XI Y 37 \), C 



that no officer should be displaced so long as he did his 
duty; that vacancies should be filled by those in lower 
places so far as competent; and that new appoint- 
ments should be made only by competitive examina- 
tion, in which the political affiliations were not con- 
sidered. This is known as the merit system. 

356 In America in 1883 both the United States and 
the State of New York passed statutes intended to 
make the merit system prevail, and providing for ap- 
pointment by open competitive examinations and per- 
manent appointment, under direction of a civil service 
commissioner. 

C 357 Vitus Bering, a Kussian sailor, discovered 
Alaska in 1741, and in 1783 the Eussians established a 
trading-post there. In 1867 it was purchased by the 
United States for $7,200,000. It contains more than 
half a million square miles, and has produced millions 
a year in furs, besides gold and fish in large quantity. 



The purchase was made through Mr. Seward, secre- 
tary of state 1861-9, who was stabbed on the night 
or Lincoln' s assasination, but recovered. He was gov- 




WfLLIAM H. SEWARD, 1811-72 



GERR1TT SMITH, 1797-1874 



355-360] 



THE SPANISH WAR 



161 



ernor of New York (1839-43), and was firm against the 
execution of the fugitive slave law (see 297). He 
thus became classed with Gerritt Smith and other anti- 



358 In 1893, with countenance of marines from an 
American ship-, the Americans on the Hawaian islands 
revolted from native government and set up a repub- 
lic. On July 7, 1898 congress annexed the islands and 
in 1900 organized them into a territory. 

359 A war with Spain arose in 1898, based on sym- 
pathy with Cubans struggling for independence and 
instigated by the blowing up in Havana harbor of our 
battleship Maine on Feb. 15. Congress placed 50 mil- 
lions at the disposal of President McKinley and on 
April 20 directed him to use the military and naval 
forces to compel Spain to give up Cuba. Volunteers 
were called for, and 200,000 men were enlisted. On 
July 22, 17,000 men were landed in Cuba near San- 
tiago and on July 1 there was a small contest at 
San Juan hill. But the fighting was mostly by sea. 

360 In 1890 liberal appropriations had been made 
for a new navy and at the outbreak of the Spanish war 



slavery leaders of the state. 



on May 1, 1898, Commo- 
dore Dewey, in command of 
the American squadron of 6 
ships in the Pacific des- 




troyed the Spanish fleet in 




Manilla bay and captured 
the city on Aug. 13. Ad- 
miral Sampson blockaded 
Cuba,and on July 3 Admiral 



george dewey Schley destroyed Cervera's 

fleet' as it attempted to'escape from Santiago. 



162 



PROBLEMS OF PEACE [XI Y 37 C-38 A 



361 Spain was in no position to resist and on Aug. 
12 a protocol of peace was signed. By the treaty of 
peace, Spain got 20 millions for Cuba, Porto Rico, 
Guam, and the Philippines, making an excellent 
bargain. 

To this war New York contributed 5,037 men 
and $569,162.40, and sustained the government with 
a loyalty worthy of a better cause. 

362 A Pan-American congress was called by Blaine 
in 1890 at Washington, where he advocated a Pan- 
American bank, a Pan-American railway, and com- 
mercial reciprocity treaties, but there were no results. 

363 The first of many world's fairs was held in Lon- 
don in 1851, and two years later another "Crystal Pal- 
ace" was opened in New York. It was a private enter- 
prise, and was not a financial success; but it stimulated 
American manufactures and the commerce of New York. 

A Centennial exposition was held at Philadelphia 
in 1876. Here the centre of interest was Independence 
Hall in which the Declaration of Independence was 
signed, John Hancock's bold signature appearing first, 
the old building still standing, a monument to the 
boldness of our forefathers, like Faneuil Hall in Bos- 
ton, 1 1 the cradle of liberty ' ' . Then came a Colum- 
bian exposition in 1893 at Chicago, which assembled 
the nations of the world in a " white city" of won- 
derful adaptability and beauty. The grounds are now 
part of the park system of Chicago. 

38 a 364 The history of the tariff has been told in 
full in 251 to 258. The ship subsidy question comes 
before every congress. The colonists found in the 
forests of New England admirable material for 'ship- 



363-368] 



TRANSPORTATION 



163 



building, and not only supplied their own trade but 
built ships to sell abroad. Before the day of steam- 
ships American clippers or fast schooners were world- 
famous. When English steamers began to displace 
ships, in 1847 congress tried by subsidy to enable 
Americans to build competing vessels, but unsuccess- 
fully. Another act was passed in 1890, under which 
$700,000 a year is paid. 

The unexpected success of American vessels in the 
war of 1812 (see 247, 248) as shown on the following 
page, gave the American navy a prestige w^hich it may 
some time regain, but under present conditions the 
war- ship of today is junk tomorrow, and it requires 
enormous sums to compete with other nations. 

365 The first Pacific railway was completed in 1869, 
in accordance with large grants made by act of July 1, 
1862, the civil war making apparent the need of com- 
munication between the two coasts. Since then several 
distinct lines have been built, reaching the Pacific 
coast at points from southern California to British 
America. 

When in 1513 the Spanish Balboa (1475-1517) 
crossed the isthmus of Panama and discovered the 
Pacific, he little dreamed that after one nation had 
failed another would undertake to dig a canal between 
the oceans almost upon the spot where he stood. 



PRINCIPAL NAVAL ENGAGEMENTS. 



Date. 


Place. 


Vessels. 


Command's. 


Victories. 


1812 
Aug. 19 

Oct. 15 

Oct. 25 


Off coast 
Massachusetts 

Off coast 
North Carolina 

Off coast 
Canary Islands. 


Amer. Frigate 
Constitution 
British Frigate 
Guerriere. 
Amer. Sloop 

Wasp. 
Brit. Brig 

Frolic. 
Amer. Frigate 
United States 
Brit. Frigate 
Macedonian. 


Hull. 

Dacres. 
Jones. 
Whinyates. 
Decatur. 
Carden. 


American. 
American. 
American.. 


Dec. 29 


Off coast 
Brazil. 


Amer. Frigate 
Constitution 
Brit. Frigate 
Java. 


Bainbridge. 
Lambert. 


American. 


1813 
Feb. 24 


Off coast 
Guiana. 


Amer. Sloop 

Hornet. 
Brit. Brig 

Peacock. 


Lawrence. 
Peake. 


American. 


June 1 


Massachusetts 
Bay. 


Amer. Frigate 
Constitution 
Brit. Frigate 
Shannon. 


Lawrence. 
Broke. 


English. 


Sept. 5 


Off coast 
Maine. 


Amer. Brig 

Enterprise. 
Brit. Brig 

DUACi . 


Burrows. 
Blythe. 


American. 


Sept. 10 


Lake Erie. 


Amer. 9 ves- 
sels, 54 guns 

Brit. 6 ves- 
sels, 63 guns. 


Perry. 
Barclay. 


American. 


1814 
Sept. 11 


Lake 
Champlain. 


Amer. 14 ves- 
sels, 86 guns 

Brit. 17 ves- 
sels, 95 guns. 


McDonough. 
Downie. 


American. 



[365-368 growth of America 



165 




ROBERT FULTON 
1765-1815 



Robert Fulton's first 
steamboat, the Clermont of 
1807, has developed into the 
leviathan of modern steam- 
ship travel, 700 feet long, 
of 20,000 tons burden, 
carrying 5,000 passengers 
at 20 miles an hour. Of 
late years the trolley has 
become a formidable rival 
of the locomotive, so that 



the large railways are buying up the trolleys along 
their lines and developing them into trans- continental 
systems. 

The canals are still an important factor. The Erie 
canal (see 260) has contributed largely to the growth 
of the state as well as of Buffalo and New York, its ter- 
minal cities; and the commerce that passes through 
the Sault canal connecting the great lakes is greater 
than that which passes through the canal at Suez. 

366 Oapt. James Buchanan Eads, who had made 
New Orleans a deep-sea harbor by building a series of 
jetties at the mouth of the Mississippi, built a bridge 
across the same river at St. Louis that has made the 
crossing simple. 

C 367 The Haymarket riot in Chicago originated in 
labor troubles culminating in an open-air meeting May 
4, 1886. Anarchists made violent speeches, a bomb 
was thrown, and 7 persons were arrested, of whom 4 
were hanged. 

39 a 368 The river systems and the great lakes 



166 



PROBLEMS OF PEACE 



XIY 39 a 



have been factors in the growth of the country. The 
Connecticut, the Hudson, the Susquehanna, the Dela- 
ware, the Mississippi, the Missouri, the Columbia, and 
the magnificent series of lakes between Chicago and 
Buffalo have given facilities for cheap transportation 
of enormous utility. 

But it is a mistake to suppose that the natural con- 
ditions alone have built up this country. The Dutch 
settlers of New York may, as Avery says, (see 86), 
have ' ' stumbled upon ' ' the most advantageous posi- 
tion in North America, but at least they knew it when 
they saw it and they developed it (see 23). 

The Spanish explorers had great opportunities. 
Cortez settled Mexico in 1519, and Coronado in 1540, 
followed by Espejo in search of Ruiz, 1582,3, 
explored the region north of Mexico; Sante Fe was 
founded in 1572 as a result. But what has happened 
to Mexico? The Spaniards have lost it. In 1864 
France tried to set up an empire there under Maximil- 
ian, but three years later they withdrew and their 
emperor was shot. 

In 1562 John Ribault sailed from France and planted 
at Port Royal, S. C. , a colony of Huguenots, protestants 
of whom so many were afterwards driven to this coun- 
try by the revocation of the Edict of Nantes. Another 
colony was founded in 1565 at Fort Caroline, near the 
mouth of the St. Johns by Rene de Laudonniere. 
But these colonies made the mistake of not tilling the 
soil, and the last were the easy victims of Menendez 
(see 267). The Spaniards won the fight but their own 
St. Augustine and Florida long ago passed out of their 
hands. 



368] 



GROWTH OF AMERICA 



167 



From the time of the Cabots and of Drake (see 24, 
25), and of Frobisher (1535-1594), who in 1576 discov- 
ered the strait that bears his name, the English have 
made their discoveries useful and their results perma- 
nent. In 1650 the American country held by th e 
various nations is shown in the following map, where A 




represents the English, B the French, C the Spanish, 
D the Dutch, and E the Swedes. 

After the revolution the English descendants stretched 
north to the St. Lawrence and west to the Mississippi, 
as shown on map, on the following page, where N 
represents the Northwest territory. But by successive 
treaties they acquired A from France (see 241), B from 
Spain (see 267), C from England (see 243), D E, and 
F from Mexico (see 282). 

The English settlers had staying qualities. The 
French had recognized the natural advantages of 
Oswego for a trading-post, but it was the English gov- 



168 problems of peace [XIV 39 a 



TERRITORY ACQUIRED BY THE UNITED STATES 



Date. 


Territory 


How Acquired 


From Whom 


1775 ) 


Thirteen Original 


Revolutionary War 


England 


1 too ) 


kjbdLCb 






1787 
Hot 


"N" W Tprritnrv 


flpflpr] (IRQ} 


Ot*i rri "n o 1 




ft W Tprritnrv 




Ori <ti "n q 1 




Louisiana 


Pnrr«liaoprI <R1 >=» 000 000 
JT HI ClldocU. «pl<J, WU, UUU 

{49:1) 


tVVQ Tl /"I / 1 

x 1 ldiice 


1819 


Florida 


Purchased $5,000,000 


Spain 








1845 


Texas 


Treaty and purchase 

^989"* <&10 000 000 


Texas 


1789 I 


Oregon 


Exploration and 




lo4:D ) 




occupancy (242,3) 




-t QAQ 

lo4o 


n v-p 

Oalitornia 


Treaty and purchase 


Mexico 


loOU 




<K1 Q KC\f\ OAO {0R9\ 
«fIo,0UU,UuU {4o4) 




loOo 


{ _ ft /l c* 1 1 Oil 


Pni'r>V>Qaprl "R10 000 000 


iVTp yi r*f\ 


lotw 


Alaska 


Pm-nliooQfl 467 900 OOO 

jruicnaseo $<,^uu,uuu 
(357) 


xtussia 


1897 


# Hawaii 


Annexation (358) 


Hawaii 


1898 


Porto Rico 


Ceded 


Spain 


1898 


Pine Island 




1898 


Guam Island 






1898 


Phillippines 






1899 


Tutuila group 


Tri-partite treaty 


Samoan Is 


1899 


Wake 


Occupancy 




1904 


Panama Zone 


Treaty 


Panama 



. 



368,369] 



IMMIGRATION 



169 




WILLIAM BURNETT 
1688-1729 



ernor of New York, Burnett, 
who in 1720 built a fort 
there and turned the trade 
to the English. The first 
permanent settlement at 
Ogdensburg was made by 
Judge Ford in 1796. The 
Oswegatchie Indians near 
by tried in vain to drive 
him away. 



B 369 There is constant fear that this nation be- 
come the dumping-ground of foreign governments, 
which may send here the people it does not want at 
home; and that immigrants may fail to become assim- 
ilated, retain their customs and their ideas, and make 
harmonious development impossible. Yet the nation's 





BARON STEUBEN, 1730-94 



COMTE db ROCHAMBEAU, 1725-1807 



growth began with immigration and is maintained by 
it. The immigrants bring labor and wealth and com- 
mingling of ideas. They come here, mostly from 
Europe, with wealth, strength, and ambition, tha 



170 



PROBLEMS OF PEACE 



[XIY 39 



they may rise here, as would be impossible under the 
fixed conditions in their homes. True, many of the 
original colonists were driven here by the stringent 
punishment in Europe of debt (see 50), where in the 
18th century a debtor could be imprisoned and charges 
accumulated against him till he was helpless. But 
now our laws exclude the insane, paupers, polyga- 
mous, and persons with contagious diseases. 

Besides, it should be remembered that we owe a 
great deal to foreigners who have come here.. When 
Lafayette (see I84)revisited this country in 1824-5 he 
was received with enthusiasm. Baron Steuben, who 
served on Washington' s staff, settled in New York, and 



thaddeus kosciusko and in his native Poland 



Kosciusko fell." 

The loyalty of these strangers contrasted with the 
treason, actual betrayal of his country, by Charles Lee, 
(1731-1782) who was dismissed from the army for 
retreating from the battle of Monmouth, June 27, 1778. 
His family name was redeemed by Henry Lee (1756- 
1818), "Light-horse Harry," who won distinction by 




gave his name to a county. 
Rochambeau brought to 
Washington a division of 
6,000 French soldiers. De 
Kalb (1721-80) was mor- 
tally wounded at the head 
of his troops at Camden. 
Kosciusko erected the forti- 
cations that served our 
army so well at Saratoga, 



1746-1817 



' ' Freedom shrieked when 



369-371 



IMMIGRATION 



171 




command of a mounted 
corps which in 1779 cap- 
tured Paulus Hook. 



CHARLES LEE, 1731-1783 



The punishment of trea- 
son may be declared by- 
congress, but no attainder 
of treason works corruption 
of blood, or forfeiture, ex- 
cept during the life of the 
person attainted. 



Gen. Fraser, (1729-1777) in command of Burgoyne's 
right wing, was killed at Saratoga, Oct. 7. 

370 Some have found cause for alarm in the growth 
of the Mormon church, founded by Joseph Smith in 
Palmyra, N. Y., in 1829, but in 1840 finally settling 
in Utah. See 349. 

371 The Greater New York was formed in 1897 by 
uniting the cities of New York, Brooklyn, and Long 
Island city, with all of Kings and Kichmond and part 
of Queens counties. By the census of 1900 this had a 
population of nearly 3J- millions. It pays f of the 
state taxes and elects f of the legislature. 




WILLIAM BRADFORD, 15S8-1657 



COTTON MATH EI?, 1663-1728 



172 PROBLEMS OF PEACE [XIT 39 

372. Literature began in the English colonies with 
the earliest settlement. On the death in 1621 of John 
Carver, first governor of Plymouth, William Bradford 
became governor, and his ' 1 History of the Plymouth 
Plantation" brings the narrative down to 1647. It 
was first printed in 1856. 

COTTON MATHER (American, 1663-1728), after grad- 
uation at 16 from Harvard became the greatest lin- 
guist and most prolific writer of his time. In 41 years 
he published 382 books, in five different languages, of 
which his " Magnalia" and "Ratio Disciplinse " are 
the most noted. He believed in witchcraft. In 1664 
lie became colleague of his father Increase Mather 
pastor of North church, Boston. He married twice 
and had 15 children. His " Essay upon the good to 
be desired by those who would answer the great end 
of life " (1710) was made famous by the notice given 
it by Benjamin Franklin. He personally bore the cost 
of a school for educating the negroes and it was his 
unconcealed grief that he was not elected president of 
Harvard, as his father had been, acting or actual, 1681- 
1701. What he considered his greatest work, his 
"Biblia Americana", remains in manuscript in six 
volumes. He vindicated inoculation for small pox. 

But the reading public knows the history of the time 
better through modern writers. In ' ' The courtship of 
Miles Standish ' ' Longfellow has made real the person- 
ality of the doughty old captain (1584-1656), who 
came over with the Pilgrims in 1 620, and was the first 
commissioned officer in New England. 

JONATHAN EDWARDS (American, 1703-1758). the 
most eminent of American metaphysicians, was the 
son of a man 60 years pastor of the same church, and 
after graduation from Yale at 17 studied theology for 
-two years in New Haven, and was a tutor there 1724- 
1727. He then became colleague with his grandfather 
as pastor of the church at Northampton, Mass., and 
two years later the pastor. Here he became the ac- 
knowledged champion of the doctrine of endless 
punishment. In 1750 in consequence of a contro- 
versy over the suitability of certain books for read- 
ing, and the admission to communion of unconverted 
persons, he was dismissed from his pastorate, and 
was for a time a missionary to the Indians. In 1754 
he published the book by which he is best known, 
" The Freedom of the Will." In January, 1758 he be- 
came president of what is now Princeton university, 
but died 34 days after his installation. 



372] 



LITERATURE 



173: 




JONATHAN EDWARDS, 1703-58 




JAMES FENIMORE COOPER 
1759-1852 




JOHN G. WHITTIER 
1807-92 




HENRY W. LONGFELLOW, 1807-82 




FRANCIS PARKMAN 
1823-93 



373 Cooper's novels and 
Parkmair s histories have 
painted the aboriginal In- 
dian, and Whittier has told 
in his poems of the early 
colonists. Whittier, him- 
self a leading abolitionist r 
has embalmed in his verse 
the spirit of that movement. 



174 



PROBLEMS OF PEACE [XIY 39 



374 Holmes became known as a poet through 
" Old Ironsides "(Regents American Selections, p. 13), 




OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES RALPH WALDO EMERSON 

1809-94 1803-82 

beginning, "Ay, tear her tattered ensign down!" a 
protest against destroying the ' ' Constitution ' ' re- 
named " Old Ironsides ", in which Commodore Hull in 
Aug. 19, 1812, destroyed the English "Guerriere," 
and gave America new confidence at sea. 

374 John Pierpont (1785-1866) is known best for his 
poem "Warren's Address at Bunker Hill ", the sup- 
posed exhortation of Joseph Warren (1741-1775) who 
had been made a major-general but fought and died 
there a private soldier. 

"The Star Spangled Banner " (Regents Selections in 
American Literature, p. 11) was written by Francis 
Scott Key (1780-1843) after he had watched the unsuc- 
cessful bombardment by the British of Fort Henry, 
Baltimore, Sept. 13, 1814. 

"Sheridan's Ride" by Thomas Buchanan Read 
(1822-72) tells vividly the story of how Gen. Philip 
Sheridan (1831-88) saved the day at Winchester, Oct. 
19, 1864. 



374-377] 



LITERATURE 



175 



375 Emerson's "Concord Hymn" (Regents Selec- 
tions in American Literature, p. 13) tells of "the 
shot heard round the world", and both his poems 
and his essays breathe the true American spirit. 




WILLIAM HICK LING PRESCOTT HORACE MANN 

1796-1856 1796-1859 



376 Prescott has written full and glowing histories 
of the Spanish conquest of Mexico and Peru. He had 
access to the Spanish archives, and thus got much 
material before inaccessible. 

377 



HORACE mann (American, l796-ia59). was the most 
eminent and successful promoter of popular educa- 
tion of Ins time. As lawyer, statesman, and philan- 
thropist he had achieved considerable reputation, 
when in 1837 he became secretary of the newly-es- 
tablished Board of Education of Massachusetts. He 
held this position for 12 years, working 16 hours a 
day. He made use mainly of three agencies : (l) a 
series of teachers' institutes ; (2) a monthly Common 
School Journal, and (3) a wide circulation of his An- 
nual School Reports to the Board of Education, which 
still rank as among the best of educational litera- 
ture. In 1843, he visited Europe, and his comparisons 
in his 7th Report led to a heated controversy with the 
masters of the Boston schools. In 1848 he resigned to 
become U. S. Senator, and in 1854 he became presi- 
dent of Antioch College, where he remained till his 
death. 



176 



PROBLEMS OF PEACE 



[XIT 39 



378 Among other names of men whose names are 
high in the educational roll are David P. Page, Edward 
A. Sheldon, Francis Parker, and Charles W. Eliot. 

379 Among women are Emma Willard, Frances E. 
Willard, and Mary Lyon. 

380 American women have always had a prominent 
part in our history. Hannah Dustin of Massachusetts 
was captured by the Indians in 1697, and with aid of 
a boy killed ten of her captors and escaped. Molly 
Pitcher's husband was killed at the battle of Mon- 
mouth in 1778 while he was discharging a cannon. 
She took his place, vowing to avenge his death, and 
was made a sergeant by Washington. The women of 
to-day are seeking to secure the right of suffrage, to 
cast their votes as men cast them, and in several states 
have obtained it. 

385 The centennial exhibition of 1876 has been fol- 
lowed by celebrations of many other centennials: 




ISRAEL PUTNAM, 1718-1790 ANTHONY WAYNE, 1745-1796 



among them of Gen. Putnam's perhaps apocryphal 
escape in 1777 from Gen. Tryon, when he rode down 
a flight of steps on horseback ; "mad' ' Anthony Wayne's 



378-385] 



CENTENNIAL CELEBRATIONS 



177 



bayonet capture of Stony Point in 1779; and the 
Swamp-fox brigade of Francis Marion (1732-95), a 
South Carolina planter, which harassed the British 
during the last three years of the revolutionary war. 

The defeats have not been forgotten. The battle of 
Brandywine, Sept. 1, 1777, when Washington re- 
treated from Howe and lost Philadelphia; the winter 
Washington passed at Valley Forge, 1777-8, twenty 
miles from Philadelphia, his army suffering from lack 
of food and clothing; the massacre at Cherry Valley, 
Dec. 10, 1778, when 700 tories and Indians murdered 
some fifty inhabitants — all these and many other in- 
cidents of the revolutionary war have been appropri- 
ately remembered. 

We may be sure that those of 1812 will in their time 
be celebrated, including the defeat of the Indian chief 
Tecumseh (1768-1813) at Tippecanoe in 1811. 

But there will never again be such a coincidence as 
when John Adams and Thomas Jefferson both died 
July 4, 1826, just half a century after the Declaration 
of Independence was signed. It was in Webster' s ora- 
tion on this event that he quoted, " Sink or swim" live 
or die, survive or perish, I give my hand and heart to 
this vote. ' ' 

Washington's headquarters at Newburg, 1782-3, are 
preserved as a public park; and the spot near Tarry- 
town where John Andre was captured (see 178) is 
marked by a monument, while Tappan is remembered 
as the place where he was executed. 

While King William's (127) and the French and. 
Indian (133-141) wars were the principal contests be- 



385] 



CENTENNIAL CELEBRATIONS 



179 



tween the French and English, it must not be forgotten 
that Queen Anne's war, 1702-13, was maintained in 




ANNE, 1665-1724 GEORGE II, 1683-1760 

Reigned 1702-14 Reigned 1727-60 



America also. It fell lightly on New York, through 

the influence of Gen Schuy- 
ler, who kept the Iroquois 
.^jf ^ friendly. An English fleet 

/ -'I >s that was to have captured 

f 1S9l ^hSR. Quebec was wrecked at the 

\ ^ ^^{Wa^fe^Lx ^ ne mou ^ n °^ tne St. Law- 
rence, and contemplated 
4^Jf^ r ~ invasions of Canada from 

^ New York failed ' ln 1704 

peter schuyler a body f French and In- 

i657-i?24 dians massacred the in- 

habitants of Deerfield, Mass. There was fighting 
in South Carolina, and in 1710 New England troops 
captured Acadia. In King George's war, 1744-8, 
New England troops under Col. Pepperell captured 
Louisburg, June 17, 1745. 



so 



PROBLEMS OF PEACE 




JOHN MARSHALL 
1755-1835 



[XIT 3$ 

Men of peace, too, are 
kept in memory. Marshall, 
greatest of American jur- 
ists, chief justice of the 
supreme court, 1801-35, is 
held up to young lawyers- 
as* the model of what the. 
profession should aim for. 



Note. — Pp. 181-263 are not missing. The pages of Regents 
•Questions in History are numbered as in the Regents Prelimin- 
ary Question Book, where they are preceded by the questions in 
arithmetic, geography, and English, and followed by spelling. 



KEY TO REGENTS QUESTIONS IN 
AMERICAN HISTORY 



REGENTS QUESTIONS IN UNITED STATES HISTORY 

1895 — 1904 

/. January 24, 1895 

1. Note three points of interest in the early history 
of the colony of Georgia. 

2. (a) How did the western continent receive its 
name? (h) Who was Marquette? (c) De Soto? 
(d) Verrazani ? (e) Drake? 

3. Describe the home life of the New England 
colonists. 

4. Mention an important event connected with 
each of the following years of the revolutionary war 
and explain the importance of each event (a) 1777, 
(b) 1778, (c) 1781. 

5. (a) What was the cause of the Mexican war ? 
(b) Name two United States generals engaged in this 
war, and mention a battle in which each was engaged. 

6. Mention the chief features of any two treaties 
between the United States and Great Britain. 

7. Outline the Union plans of campaign for any 
two years of the war of the rebellion, mentioning a 
general on each side and one battle of each cam- 
paign. 

8. Give an outline of the history of the slave trade 
in the United States. 

269 



270 LATER REGENTS HISTORY QUESTIONS 

9. (a) Give an account of John Brown and of his 
raid, (b) Was his course either legal or wise? State 
reasons. 

10. Write biographic sketches of two of the fol- 
lowing: (a) Patrick Henry, (b) Edwin M. Stanton, 
(c) Eli Whitney, (d) William Lloyd Garrison, (e) 
James Otis, (f) Frederick Douglass, (g) John Jay. 

11. Mention (a) two dangers and (b) two good 
effects of immigration, (c) To what extent has im- 
migration been restricted ? 

12. Write on two of the following topics in the 
history of Virginia: (a) Governor Yeardley and 
the colonial assembly; (b) Indian massacres; (c) 
Bacon's rebellion, (d) the London company^ 

13. fa) Give three reasons for England's desire to 
send colonists to America, (b) How did the English 
government encourage colonization ? (c) Mention 
any other inducement that attracted colonists. 

14. (a) Give the terms of the first charter granted 
the Virginia colony and (b) compare it with that 
granted Maryland. 

15. Give an account of the changes in government 
in Maryland up to the time of the revolution. State 
the cause of these changes. 

II. March H, 1895 

16. What work in discovery or colonization was 
accomplished by (a) James Oglethorpe, (b) Roger 
Williams, (c) Thomas Hooker, (d) Menendez, (e) 
Drake? 

17. What is meant by (a) proprietary government, 



LATER REGENTS HISTORY QUESTIONS 271 



(b) charter government, (c) royal government? Give 
an example of a colony under each of these forms of 
government. 

18. Give an account of the acquisition of territory 
in North America by the French. 

19. Locate the following places and state why 
each is noted: (a) Saint Augustine, (b) Bunker 
Hill, (c) West Point, (d) Gettysburg, (e) Mount 
Vernon (not in New York). 

20. Show how the following aided directly or in- 
directly in bringing on the revolutionary war: (a) 
French and Indian war, (b) tax levies, (c) a grow- 
ing spirit of independence. 

21. (a) State the purpose of Burgoyne's in- 
vasion. Describe (b) the route taken by his army 
and (c) the route taken by the army of St. Leger. 
(d) Mention three* points at which the American 
forces successfully withstood the British. 

22. State how the final ownership of the following 
portions of North America was settled: (a) Alaska, 
(b) Texas, (c) Mexico, (d) Canada, (e) California. 

23. Explain five of the following : (a) state rights 
(b) Ashburton treaty, (c) right of search, (d) Gads- 
den purchase, (e) carpet-baggers, (f) Monroe doc- 
trine, (g) omnibus bill. 

24. When and under what circumstances did West 
Virginia, become a state ? ■ 

25. Give an account of important events in two 
of the following administrations: (a) Monroe, (b) 
Jackson, (c) Taylor and Fillmore, (d) Hayes, (e) 
Cleveland. 



272 LATER REGENTS HISTORY QUESTIONS 

26. Describe the motives and incidents of John 
Brown's raid. 

27. Describe the puritans as to (a) traits of char- 
acter and (b) manner of life. 

28. Give an account of the Massachusetts Bay col- 
ony based on the following outline : (a) charter, (b) 
first settlers, (c) second immigration, (d) leaders, 
(e) character and religious intolerance of the col- 
onists. 

29. (a) Under what circumstances was the confed- 
eration of New England colonies made in 1613 ? (b) 
What colonies were represented ? (c) In what mat- 
ters did these colonies act independently and in what 
did they act in common ? (d) How long did the con- 
federation continue ? 

30. Write biographic notes on five of the follow- 
ing, stating some particular service for which 
each of the five selected became famous: (a) 
Miles Standish, (b) John Hancock, (c) Joseph War- 
ren, (d) Daniel Webster, (e) Whittier, (f) Wendell 
Phillips, (g) Horace Mann. 

III. June IS, 1895 

31. Describe the (a) character and (b) mode of 
life of the North American Indians. 

32. Describe the part which each of the following 
took in the colonization of America : (a) Sir Walter 
Raleigh, (b) John Smith. 

33. Write^an account of the early colonists of New 
England, touching on (a) character, (b) education, 
(c) social and religious customs. 



LATER REGENTS HISTORY QUESTIONS 273 

34. For what is each of the following specially 
noted: (a) Sir Francis Drake, (b) Roger Williams, 
(c) Benjamin Franklin, (d) General Sherman, (e) 
Daniel Webster ? 

35. (a) Explain the meaning of taxation without 
representation. Name (b) an American and (c) an 
Englishman who opposed such taxation, (d) De- 
scribe two acts passed by parliament that led to the 
outbreak of the revolutionary war. 

36. What special historical interest has each of 
the following : (a) Cherry Valley, (b) Philadelphia, 
(c) Salem, (d) Yorktown, (e) Trenton? 

37. Explain the terms (a) right of search and (b) 
impressment of American seamen, (c) Name two 
American naval commanders of the war of 1812 and 
give the name of a battle in which each commanded. 

38. (a) Under what circumstances were slaves in- 
troduced into this country? (b) Describe two bills 
relating to slavery. 

39. Give the name of (a) one union and of (b) 
one confederate general and describe the part taken 
by each in the civil war. 

40. (a) Name the inventor of the cotton gin and 
(b) show the effect of this invention on slavery. 
Name the inventor of (c) the electric telegraph; (d) 
the steamboat ; (e) the phonograph. 

41. Give an account of two of the following: (a) 
Boston tea party, (b) constitutional convention of 
1787, (c) Dorr rebellion, (d) Cleveland's first ad- 
ministration. 

42. (a) Give an account of the settlement of New 



274 LATER REGENTS HISTORY QUESTIONS 

York by the Dutch, (b) State bow long their rule 
lasted and describe the way in which it was over- 
thrown, (c) Who were the patroons ? 

43. (a) Give the traits of character of Peter 
Stuyvesant and (b) describe his rule. 

44. (a) State the circumstances under which Penn- 
sylvania was settled, (b) Describe the constitution 
framed by William Penn. 

45. Compare the colony of New York with the 
colony of Pennsylvania in regard to (a) government, 
(b) relations with the Indians. 

IV. September 26, 1895 

46. Write biographic notes on two of the follow- 
ing: (a) Benjamin Franklin, (b) Stephen A. Doug- 
las, (c) Horatio Gates, (d) Israel Putnam, (e) Hor- 
ace Greeley, (f) John O. Fremont, (g) Samuel J. 
Tilden, (h) Martin Van Buren. 

47. Name (a) three English and (b) two French 
explorers of America, and locate the territory ex- 
plored by each. 

48. Give an account of two of the following: (a) 
discovery of gold in California ; (b) settlement of 
northwest boundary of the United States ; (c) inven- 
tion of the cotton gin; (d) abolition of slavery; (e) 
assassination of Lincoln. 

49. Give an account of the acquisition and settle- 
ment of Pennsylvania including Penn's treaty with 
the Indians. 

50. Give an account of the explorations of Magel- 
lan and his successors. 

51. (a) Give an account of the capture of Fort 



LATER REGENTS HISTORY QUESTIONS 275 

Duquesne and (b) explain the importance of the 
event. 

52. Give an account (a) of the settlement of New 
Amsterdam, and (b) of its capture by the English. 

53. (a) What was the effect of the capture of 
Quebec by the English ? (b) Describe the capture. 

54. Give an account of two of the following: (a) 
King William's war, (b) Salem witchcraft, (c) ban- 
ishment of Koger Williams, (d) expulsion of the 
Acadians, (e) treason of Arnold. 

55. Give an account of one important event in the 
administration of each of the following: (a) Wash- 
ington, (b) Madison, (c) John Quinc[y Adams, (d) 
Johnson, (e) Garfield. 

56. Name five American inventors and an impor- 
tant invention of each. 

57. Locate the following and mention an impor- 
tant event connected with each: (a) Plymouth, (b) 
Philadelphia, (c) New Orleans, (d) Vicksburg, (e) 
Atlanta. 

58. Mention five distinguished American authors 
and give the title of an important work of each. 

59. Indicate the reasons that led to the framing 
and adoption of the federal constitution. 

60. Name five new states admitted to the Union 
since the civil war, and mention the administration 
under which each was admitted. 

V. January SO, 1896 

61. Write a sketch of Columbus, touching on (a) 
his theories, (b) efforts to obtain assistance, (c) first 



'276 LrATEE REGENTS HISTORY QUESTIONS 

voyage to the new world, (d) subsequent voyages, (e) 
later life. 

62. Give, with approximate date, an account of the 
first permanent white settlement within the present 
limits of the United States. 

63. Mention the European powers claiming sover- 
eignty in North America in the first half of the 17th 
century. Indicate the particular territory claimed by 
each. 

64. Describe the aboriginal inhabitants as to (a) 
mode of life and (b) general character, (c) State 
how they received the white man and (d) how they 
in turn were treated by him. 

65. Give an account of (a) the London company 
and (b) the Plymouth company, and of the settle- 
ments made in America under the auspices of each. 

66. Describe the beginning and trace the develop- 
ment of representative government in North Amer- 
ica. 

67. Give an account of (a) the settlement of Geor- 
gia, (b) the first colonial union and its object. 

68. (a) State the chief causes of war between the 
English and the French colonists, and (b) describe 
two of the earlier campaigns. 

69. (a) Discuss the attitude of the colonists toward 
the mother country, and (b) state the causes that led 
to the war of the revolution. 

70. Give an account (a) of the financial condition 
of the colonies during the revolution and (b) of the 
services rendered by Robert Morris. 

71. (a) Describe the boundaries of the United 



LATER REGENTS HISTORY QUESTIONS 277 

States at the time of the adoption of the federal con- 
stitution and (b) name the original states, (c) 
Name the new states admitted prior to 1813. 

72. Outline the causes that led to (a) the second 
war with England, (b) the war of the rebellion. 

73. Give an account of (a) the Ohio trading com- 
pany and the consequences that followed its organi- 
zation, (b) the first military expedition of Washing- 
ton. 

74. (a) Mention five men who were prominent in 
the French and Indian war, with a brief note on 
each, (b) Mention three important events in this 
war and describe one of them. 

75. Discuss the results of the French and Indian 
war as to (a) territorial sovereignty, (b) effects, 
direct and indirect, on the colonies. 

VI. March 26, 1896 

76. Give an account of Europeans who are said to 
have visited the western continent several centuries 
before Columbus. 

77. Mention five navigators who made explora- 
tions in the new world soon after its discovery by 
Columbus, and name the particular territory explored 
by each. 

78. Give an account of the efforts of Sir Walter 
Raleigh to plant colonies in America, and state the 
results of these efforts. 

79. (a) Outline in a general way the mode of ad- 
ministration of government in the colonies, and (b) 



278 LATER REGENTS HISTORY QUESTIONS 

state two leading principles on which the colonists 
based their views of government. 

80. (a) Mention two colonial authors of the 18th 
century, and name the principal writings of each. 
Name (b) the first newspaper and (c) the first daily 
newspaper published in America. 

81. Give an account of early French explorations 
in the west. 

82. Discuss, with reference to causes and results, 
(a) the second war with England, (b) the war with 
Mexico. 

83. (a) Give an account of the acquisition of 
Alaska by the United States, (b) Give an estimate 
of the importance of this territory. 

84. Write biographic notes on two of the follow- 
ing: (a) John Carver, (b) Hannah Dustin, (c) 
William Clayborne, (d) Molly Pitcher, (e) William 
Pepperell. 

85. Give an account of negro slavery in the United 
States, touching (a) its introduction, (b) its growth, 
(c) rise and final triumph of anti -slavery sentiment. 

86. Outline the plan on which the Union was re- 
constructed after the war of the rebellion. 

87. Give an account of the conspiracy of Pontiac. 

88. Discuss the condition of the colonists, as to (a) 
nationality and language, (b) education and religion, 
(c) occupation, (d) facilities for travel, (e) home 
life on the farm and in the city. 

89. Give an account (a) of the differences that 
arose between the colonies and the mother country, 



LATER REGENTS HISTORY QUESTION'S 279 

and (b) of the efforts of the colonists to obtain re- 
dress of grievances. 

90. (a) Give a synopsis of the condition of affairs 
in the colonies at the close of 1775. (b) Describe the 
feeling in England at this time. 

VII. June 18, 1896 

91. Draw a map of the eastern coast line of North 
America. Locate by name on this map five early 
European settlements and state by whom each was 
settled. 

92. Give an account of the government formed by 
the pilgrims. 

93. Write on one of the following topics: (a) 
.first navigation act, (b) Bacon's rebellion. 

94. Give an account of (a) two prominent events 
in the French and Indian war, (b) the result of this 
war. 

95. Write on the social condition of the colonists 
in 1770, as to (a) industries, (b) education, (c) mili- 
tary experience and training. 

96. Mention and explain five causes of complaint 
that the colonists had against the mother country. 

97. (a) What action was taken under Washing- 
ton's first administration in regard to the national 
debt ? (b) Describe the plans adopted for raising 
revenue. 

98. (a) Under what circumstances was Louisiana 
acquired by the United States ? (b) Why was it 
deemed specially important ? 

99. (a) What is the Monroe Doctrine? (b) TJn- 



280 LATER REGENTS HISTORY QUESTIONS 

der what circumstances was it first announced ? (c) 
Mention a recent case in which it was asserted. 

100. (a) Relate the circumstances attending the 
organization of Kansas and Nebraska as territories, 
(b) Define squatter sovereignly. 

101. Give an account of two of the following : (a) 
the Trent affair, (b) battle of Shiloh, (c) origin and 
settlement of the Alabama claims. 

102. Write biographic notes on each of the follow- 
ing generals: (a) Arnold, (b) Eraser, (c) Gates,. 

(d) Kosciusko, (e) Philip Schuyler. 

103. Discuss the declaration of independence, as 
to (a) its signers and what the action meant to them,, 
(b) sentiment aroused in the colonies and in Eng- 
land, (c) effect on the political status of the several 
colonies. 

104. Describe the movements of Washington's 
army from Boston to Morristown, giving all the bat- 
tles and skirmishes, with results. 

105. Give an account of the services of (a) Ben- 
jamin Franklin and (b) Robert Morris in behalf of 
the revolutionary cause. 

VIII. August, 1896 

106-7. Draw a map of North America with its 
principal rivers, and the great lakes. Indicate on the 
map the routes of exploration taken by three of 
the following: (a) De Soto, (b) Marquette, (c) 
Champlain, (d) Lewis and Clark; the location of 

(e) Santa Fe, (f) St. Augustine, (g) Jamestown, 
(Ya.), (h) Plymouth, (i) Quebec. 



LATER REGENTS HISTORY QUESTIONS 281 

108. Describe the three forms of government that 
prevailed in the colonies before the revolutionary 
war, and mention an example of each. 

109. State the circumstances under which the fol- 
lowing colonial settlements were made: (a) Penn- 
sylvania, (b) Maryland, (c) Georgia. 

1-10. (a) Describe the expedition that resulted in 
the capture of fort Du Quesne. (b) Show why the 
capture of this position was important. 

111. Give an account of the services rendered in 
hehalf of their country by three of the following 
men: (a) Robert Morris, (b) Hamilton, (c) Greene, 
(d) Steuben. 

112. (a) Give three reasons to show why the pur- 
chase of Louisiana was of importance to the country. 

(b) What was the extent of the territory acquired by 
this purchase? 

113. Name three men who were prominent as 
statesmen in the first half of the 19th Century, and 
give an account of the public services of each. 

114. State three conditions of the treaty made at 
the close of the Mexican war. 

115. Describe for each of three of the following 
administrations one noted achievement or important 
event: (a) Washington's, (b) John Quincy Adams', 

(c) Jackson's, (d) Pierce's, (e) Grant's. 

116. Explain with aid of a map the Union plan 
of campaign for 1862. 

117. Give an account of each of the following: (a) 
Work of the Christian and Sanitary commissions in 
the civil war, (b) Sherman's famous march together 



282 LATER REGENTS HISTORY QUESTIONS 

with a statement of the considerations that led to the 
undertaking of this march. 

118. Write biographic notes on five of the follow- 
ing: (a) Jean Ribaut, (b) Peter Schuyler, (c) 
James Otis, (d) John Jay, (e) William Lloyd Gar- 
rison, (f) Stephen A. Douglas. 

119. Select three of the following quotations and 
state by whom and under what circumstances each of 
the three was uttered: (a) " No terms other than an 
unconditional surrender can be accepted." (b) a Mil- 
lions for defense, but not one cent for tribute." (c) 
" With malice toward none, with charity for all," etc, 
(d) "I shall enter on no encomium upon Massachu- 
setts ; she needs none." (e) " Sink or swim, live or 
die, survive or perish, I give my hand and my heart 
to this vote." 

120. Write on two of the following: (a) debate be- 
tween Webster and Hayne ; (b) debate between Lin- 
coln and Douglas; (c) noted instances of the influence 
of oratory in the early development of our nation. 

IX. September 2k, 1896 

121. (a) What was Columbus seeking when he 
sailed from Palos ? (b) Give an account of his sev- 
eral voyages and (c) on a map locate, with name, 
the places where he landed. 

122. Discuss the voyages of the Cabots as to (a) 
original object, (b) extent of explorations, (c) claims 
based on these explorations. 

123. Write on the explorations of two of the fol- 



LATER REGENTS HISTORY QUESTIONS 283 



lowing: (a) Ponce de Leon, (b) Balboa, (c) Car- 
tier, (d) De Soto. - 

124. Give an account of the settlements made in 
the United States and Canada during the first quar- 
ter of the 17th century. 

125. (a) Explain the New England confederacy 
and state its object, (b) What colonies were denied 
admission ? (c) Why ? 

126. (a) What caused war between the English 
and the French colonies ? (b) Describe one impor- 
tant event in each of the four wars. 

127. (a) Describe the forms of government in the 
English colonies at the close of the French and In- 
dian war. (b) Distinguish between crown colonies 
and charter colonies. 

128. Give an account of (a) two laws and (b) 
three events which led up to the American revolu- 
tion. 

129. Describe in order of occurrence three decisive 
battles of the revolution and give an estimate of the 
importance of each. 

130. Write biographic notes on five of the follow- 
ing: (a) Col. Pepperell, (b) James Otis, (c) Mont- 
gomery, (d) Greene, (e) Allen, (f) Stark, (g) Ma- 
rion, (h) Wayne. 

131. Give an account of (a) the northwest terri- 
tory at the close of the revolution and its influence in 
holding the states together, (b) the formation of the 
federal constitution. 

132. Write on President Washington's administra- 
tion, covering (a) his election, (b) his cabinet, (c) 



284 LATER REGENTS HISTORY QUESTION'S 

the various plans for raising money and paying debts, 
(d) the number of inhabitants in the country. 

133. Give an account of each of the following; (a) 
causes of the second war with England, (b) burning 
of Washington. 

134. Write on three of the following topics: (a) 
the acquisition of Florida, (b) the Missouri compro- 
mise, (c) La Fayette's last visit to America, (d) the 
introduction of railways. 

135. (a) Mention in order of date five important 
battles of the great Civil war. (b) Describe the two 
deemed decisive. 

X. January 28, 1897 

136. Give an account of the early French settle- 
ments around the St. Lawrence (gulf and river). 
Illustrate by a map, locating the settlements. 

137. (a) Distinguish between pilgrim and puri- 
tan: Give an account of the pilgrims, covering (b) 
their reasons for leaving England, (c) their wander- 
ings, (d) their American colony. 

138. Describe one prominent event in each of two 
of the following wars: (a) King William's, (b) 
Queen Anne's, (c) King George's, (d) French and 
Indian. (e) State the general character of these 
wars and the result of the last. 

139. Show the condition of the colonies at the 
close of the French and Indian war, as to (a) popu- 
lation, (b) chief industries, (c) means of communi- 
cation, (d) ability to carry on war, (e) feeling toward 
England. 



LATER REGENTS HISTORY QUESTIONS 285 

140. Explain five causes that led the colonists to 
resist England. 

141. Write on two of the following: (a) the first 
colonial congress, (b) the continental congress, (c) 
the articles of confederation. 

142. Explain (a) the difficulties with France dur- 
ing John Adams' administration, (b) the alien and 
sedition laws. 

143. (a) Explain the terms of the treaty with 
Mexico at the close of the Mexican war. (b) What 
was the Gadsden purchase ? 

144. Give an account of (a) the secession of South 
Carolina, (b) the organization of the Confederate 
states, (c) Contrast the course of Buchanan with 
that of Jackson concerning the threat of a state to 
resist the Union. 

145. Give an account, covering circumstances and 
results, of two of the following battles : (a) Long 
Island, (b) Brandvwine, (c) New Orleans, (d) Palo 
Alto, (e) Antietam. 

146. Give an account of two of the following: (a) 
Missouri compromise, (b) John Brown's raid, (c) at- 
tempt to found a monarchy in Mexico, (d) impeach- 
ment of Andrew Johnson, (e) circumstances under 
which Hayes became president 

147. Write biographic notes on five of the follow- 
ing: (a.) Ponce de Leon (b) Bene de Laudonniere, 
(c) Mrs. Anne Hutchinson, (d) Gen. Joseph War- 
ren, (e) Samuel Adams, (f ) Count Bochambeau, (g) 
Bobert Morris, (h) John Tyler. 

148. Describe the consequences of the battle of 



286 LATER REGENTS HISTORY QUESTIONS 

Saratoga as shown by the action of (a) England, (b) 
France. 

149. Give an account of the treason of Arnold, cov- 
ering (a) his grievances against congress, (b) his 
marriage, (c) his trial and reprimand, (d) corre- 
spondence with the British commander, (e) the West 
Point plot and its results. 

150. Give an account of two of the following: (a) 
military situation at the close of 1780, (b) conduct 
of Gen. Charles Lee at Monmouth, (c) Gates' south- 
ern campaign, (d) reasons for the gifts to Paul Jones 
by foreign governments, (e) capture of Stony Point. 

XI. March, 25, 1897 

151. Mention one discoverer of lands in North 
America in behalf of each of the following countries : 

(a) England, (b) France, (c) Spain, (d) Hol- 
land. What territory was claimed by each country 
on account of such discovery? 

152. (a) Who were the Huguenots ? (b) Give an 
account of their early efforts to make settlements in 
America. 

153. Mention and explain (a) three inducements 
that tended to bring settlers to the American colonies, 

(b) two difficulties that such settlers had to face. 

154. Describe one of the following: (a) the social 
and political condition of the Virginia colony under 
the administration of Governor Berkeley, (b) Ba- 
con's rebellion. 

155. Write on two of the following points concern- 
ing the French and Indian war: (a) causes, (b) 



LATER REGENTS HISTORY QUESTIONS 287 

one French victory, (c) one English victory, (d) 
banishment of the Acadians, (e) results of the war. 

156. Give two reasons that led the colonies to de- 
clare their independence. 

157. Give an account of the nullification acts of 
South Carolina, touching on (a) rights claimed by 
South Carolina as a state, (b) speeches of Hayne and 
Webster, (c) action of the president. 

158. (a) What was the Kansas-Nebraska bill? 

(b) Give an account of the troubles in Kansas grow- 
ing out of the passage of this measure, 

159. Describe, as to circumstances and results, two 
of the following battles, and show why each of the 
two was important: (a) Trenton, (b) King's moun- 
tain, (c) Vera Cruz, (d) battle between the Consti- 
tution and the Guerriere. 

160. Give an account of the war of the rebellion, 
covering (a) causes, (b) one important battle, (c) re- 
sults of the war. 

161. Give an account of one of the following: (a) 
Franklin's examination before the house of com- 
mons ; (b) invention of the cotton gin and its effects ; 

(c) acquisition of Florida; (d) panic of 1837 ; (e) 
Alabama claims. 

162. Write biographic notes on five of the follow- 
ing: (a) John Carver, (b) La Salle, (c) Oglethorpe, 

(d) De Kalb, (e) Marion, (f) Sir Henry Clinton, 
(g) Henry Lee (Light-horse Harry), (h) Charles 
Sumner. 

163. Give an account of the federal constitution, 
touching on (a) the need for it, (b) how it was made, 



288 LATER REGENTS HISTORY QUESTION'S 

(c) three men prominent in the work, (d) adoption 
by states, (e) two important provisions. 

164. Indicate by a map the location of each of the 
following: (a) James, Appomattox and Rapidan 
rivers, (b) Petersburg, Richmond, Fredericksburg, 
Williamsburg, Yorktown. 

165. (a) Describe Washington's plans and prepa- 
rations for the battle of Yorktown. (b) Discuss the 
consequences of this battle. 

XII. June 11, 1891 

166. State the principal evidences that America 
had been visited by Europeans before the first voyage 
of Columbus. 

167. Give an account of the North American in- 
dians, covering the following points : (a) why they 
were called indians, (b) their personal appearance 
and leading characteristics, (c) their occupations and 
mode of life. 

168. Give an account of one of the following : (a) 
two unsuccessful attempts of Englishmen to plant 
colonies in America, (b) the establishment of the first 
permanent English colony. 

169. Mention the names of the first two settle- 
ments made by the Massachusetts Bay company. 
What was (a) the character of the settlers, (b) their 
chief reason for coming to America ? 

170. Show by a map the territory in what is now 
the United States claimed in 1640 by each of the fol- 
lowing nations : (a) English, (b) French, (c) Span- 
ish, (d) Dutch, (e) Swedish. 



LATER REGENTS HISTORY QUESTIONS 289 

171. State the basis of the claim to American ter- 
ritory made by each of the nations mentioned in ques- 
tion 5. 

172. Give an account of the Pennsylvania colony, 
touching on (a) the character of its founder, (b) the 
circumstances under which the lands for it were 
granted, (c) the chief object for which it was 
founded. 

173. Give an account of the struggle between the 
French and the English for supremacy in America, 
covering (a) the extent and importance of the terri- 
tory called New France, (b) the part taken by the 
indians, (c) the final contest and its results. 

174. Explain (a) three principal causes that first 
led the colonies to resist English rule, (b) two im- 
mediate causes that led the colonies to declare their 
independence. 

175. Show the special importance of each of three 
of the following battles: (a) Bunker Hill, (b) Long 
Island, (c) Trenton, (d) Oriskany, (e) Eutaw 
Springs. 

176. Write on two of the following topics concern- 
ing the civil war: (a) organization of the confeder- 
ate states, (b) relative condition of northern and 
southern states as to readiness for war, (c) effects of 
the blockade of the southern ports, (d) importance 
of Sherman's march through Georgia. 

177. Write biographic notes on five of the follow- 
ing: (a) Miles Standish, (b) Eoger Williams, (c) 
Marquette, (d) Samuel Adams, (e) Molly Pitcher, 
(f) Commodore Perry, (g) John Marshall, (h) Hen- 



290 LATER REGENTS HISTORY QUESTIONS 

ry Clay, (i) Winfield Scott, (k) William H. Seward, 

178. Give an account of the condition of the na- 
tion at the beginning of Washington's administration, 
as to (a) extent of settled territory, (b) aggregate 
population, (c) occupations of the people, (d) lead- 
ing cities, (e) facilities for travel and communica- 
tion. 

179. (a) Give the name and official title of each 
of the members of Washington's cabinet and write 
(b) biographic notes on three of them. 

180. (a) Describe in detail the. measures adopted 
for building up the credit and paying the debts of 
the nation, (b) What were the chief points of differ- 
ence between Jefferson and Hamilton regarding these 
measures ? 

XIII. September S0 } 1897 

181. Give the names of five men who made early 
explorations on this continent after its discovery by 
Columbus, and state what particular part of the con- 
tinent was explored by each. 

182. Eelate the circumstances attending the found- 
ing of two of the following colonies: (a) Maryland, 
(b) South Carolina, (c) Connecticut, (d) New Jer- 
sey. 

183. Describe three forms of colonial government 
that existed prior to the revolutionary war. 

184. (a) State the chief causes and mention three 
important events of the French and Indian war. (b) 
What territory did France lose in this war ? 



LATER REGENTS HISTORY QUESTIONS 291 

185. (a) By whom was the declaration of inde- 
pendence written ? (b) Quote a sentence from it. 

186. Give the location of five of the following and 
mention an important event of the revolutionary war 
connected with each of the five: (a) Faneuil hall, 
(b) Independence hall, (c) Ticonderoga, (d) Oris- 
kany, (e) Valley Forge, (f) Tarry town, (g) New- 
burg. 

187. (a) What powers are possessed by the union 
under the constitution which the articles of confed- 
eration did not give ? (b) For what reasons did some 
states hesitate to adopt the constitution ? 

188. Give an account of Jay's treaty, touching on 
(a) the circumstances that led to it, (b) the chief 
features of the treaty, (c) its reception in this coun- 
try. 

189. Relate the circumstances that led to one of 
the following famous utterances: (a) " Millions for 
defence, but not one cent for tribute." (b) " We have 
met the enemy and they are ours." 

190. Give an account of the work of the American 
navy in the revolutionary war. 

191. What differences between the people of the 
north and of the south as to (a) political beliefs, (b) 
industrial conditions and (c) social customs led to 
the secession of the southern states in 1860-61 ? 

192. (a) Give an account of John Brown's raid 
and (b) state its effects on the people of the north and 
of the south. 

193. Narrate (a) the causes and (b) the circum- 
stances of the war with Tripoli. 



292 LATER REGENTS HISTORY QUESTIONS 

194. Write biographic notes on five of the follow- 
ing: (a) Stephen Decatur, (b) George Fox, (c) 
John Ericsson, (d) General Herkimer, (e) Winfield 
Scott, (f) Horace Greeley, (g) Ralph Waldo Emer- 
son. 

195. Write on one of the following topics: (a) 
sources and causes of immigration, (b) ship-building 
in the United States, (c) origin and settlement of the 
Alabama claims. 

XIV. January 27, 1898 

196. By whom, in what year, and for what country 
was each of the following discovered: (a) New- 
foundland, (b) Florida, (c) Pacific ocean, (d) St. 
Lawrence river, (e) Hudson river ? 

197. (a) Give an account of the adventures of Sir 
Francis Drake on the Pacific coast of America, (b) 
By what route did Drake return to England ? 

198. Give an account of the first settlement of the 
pilgrims in America, touching on (a) location, (b) 
date and (c) first agreement as to government, (d) 
Distinguish between puritans and separatists, (e) 
To which class did the pilgrims belong? 

199. (a) Mention the three principal industries of 
the early New England settlers, (b) Explain how 
one of these industries brought the English colonists 
into conflict with the Dutch. 

200. Write a sketch of Roger Williams showing 
(a) why he was banished from Massachusetts Bay 
colony, (b) his relations with the indians, (c) the dis- 



LATER REGENTS HISTORY QUESTIONS 293 

tinguishing feature of the charter obtained by him 
from the King. 

201. Write a sketch of the wars between the Eng- 
lish colonists and the French based on the following 
outline: (a) general causes, (b) the circumstances 
that brought on the last struggle, (c) the final result. 

202. (a) Mention four of the principal things that 
incited the American colonies to forcible resistance 
of the English government, (b) What was the orig- 
inal purpose of this resistance ? 

203. Give an account of the attitude and action of 
France regarding the revolutionary war in America. 

204. (a) What were the articles of confederation? 
(b) In what respect were these articles defective ? 

205. Describe two important events in the admin- 
istration of Jefferson showing the importance of each. 

206. Give an account of two of the following: (a) 
the beginning of representative government in Amer- 
ica, (b) the circumstances that led to the treaty ced- 
ing Florida to the United States, (c) the cotton gin 
and its influence in American history, (d) the cir- 
cumstances under which Hayes became president. 

207. Write on two of the following topics concern- 
ing the American civil war: (a) events of the year 
before the war, (b) the radical change in naval war- 
fare, (c) the circumstances and terms of Lee's sur- 
render, (d) the questions settled by the war. 

208. (a) Relate the circumstances under which 
Washington was called to take command of the army 
after his retirement from the presidency, (b) How 
was the expected war averted ? 



294 LATER REGENTS HISTORY QUESTIONS 

209. Give the substance of each of the following: 
(a) alien law, (b) sedition law, (c) the Kentucky 
and Virginia resolutions. State the reasons for the 
passing of these laws and resolutions. 

210. (a) Write a biographic sketch of John 
Adams, paying special attention to his life and pub- 
lic services before his election to the presidency, (b) 
State the chief causes of his defeat for a second presi- 
dential term. 

XV. March 2^ 1898 

211. Write on the discovery of America, men- 
tioning (a) a 15th century invention that aided navi- 
gation, (b) Columbus' views regarding the shape and 
size of the earth, (c) the purpose of Columbus. 

212. Give an account of the first permanent settle- 
ment formed in America by (a) the English, (b) the 
French. 

213. Sketch the permanent settlement of the Caro- 
linas as to (a) the first settlers, (b) three distinct 
classes of people that settled in Charleston, (c) why 
the two colonies were divided. 

214. Write on the following matters relating to the 
French and Indian war: (a) the Ohio company and 
the Trench, (b) Washington's first campaign, (c) the 
final result of the war. 

215. State three general causes and two direct 
causes of the revolutionary war. 

216. (a) Mention three important battles of the 
revolution, (b) Which of these battles was most im- 
portant ? (c) Why? 



LATER REGENTS HISTORY QUESTIONS 295 

'217. Write on the finances of the revolution, touch- 
ing on (a) foreign loans/ (b) paper money, (c) serv- 
ices of Kobert Morris. 

218. State (a) two important causes and (b) two 
Iteneficial results of the war of 1812. 

219. Write on African slavery in the United 
States, showing (a) how it was introduced, (b) why 
it became profitable in the south, (c) how it became 
a leading political question. 

220. State the reconstruction policy of President 
Johnson. 

221. Give an account of two of the following: (a) 
the Gadsden purchase, (b) the Atlantic cable, (c) the 
first Pacific railway. 

222. Mention one thing for which each of five of 
the following is noted: (a) Sebastian Cabot, (b) 
Cabrillo, (c) Menendez, (d) John Winthrop, (e) 
Hannah Dustin, (f) Henry Clay, (g) General 
'Thomas. 

223. Draw an outline map of the United States 
.and on it delineate the Mississippi, Missouri and 
Columbia rivers, and the boundaries of the Louisiana 
purchase and the Oregon country. 

224. Give the substance of the embargo act and 
show the reasons for (a) its passage, (b) its repeal. 

225. Write on two of the following topics: (a) 
the expedition of Lewis and Clark, (b) why the 12th 
amendment to the constitution was made, (c) the 
-character of Jefferson. 



296 LATER REGENTS HISTORY QUESTIONS 



XVI. June 16, 1898 

226. (a) Give a brief account of the Cabots and o£ 
their explorations. (b) What claim was founded 
on these explorations ? 

227. (a) Sketch the circumstances that led to the 
first permanent European settlement on what is now 
United States territory, (b) What was the extent 
of European colonization in North America at the 
end of the 16th century ? 

228. Show how each of five of the following was 
identified with the exploration or settlement of the 
new world: (a) Cartier, (b) De Soto, (c) Kibault r 
(d) Erobisher, (e) Espejo, (f) Gosnold, (g) Cham- 
plain, (h) Hudson. 

229. (a) What two countries made early settle- 
ments on the belt lying between the lands granted 
to the London company and those granted to the 
Plymouth company ? (b) Outline the history of the 
two settlements. 

230. Give an account of the following connected 
with the inter-colonial wars: (a) causes, (b) banish- 
ment of the Acadians, (c) the decisive battle and its 
results. 

231. Mention five grievances set forth in the 
declaration of independence. 

232. Give an account of the work of the second 
continental congress. 

233. Give an account of two of the following and 
mention the administration in which they occurred: 



LATER REGENTS HISTORY QUESTIONS 297 

(a) the whiskey rebellion, (b) Wayne's campaign 
against the indians, (c) the Jay treaty. 

234. Give an account of two of the following : (a) 
origin and significance of Mason and Dixon's line, 

(b) the development of the national flag, (c) the Mis- 
souri compromise, (d) how California became a state 
of the Union. 

235. Write on two of the following topics: (a) 
the Kansas-Nebraska bill, (b) the contests between 
the friends and opponents of slavery in Kansas and 
in congress, (c) the appearance of a new political 
party in 1856, (d) the political campaign of 1860, 
(e) secession of South Carolina. 

236. Mention (a) three important battles of the 
civil war and (b) give an account of one of them. 

237. Give an account of two of the following: (a) 
the war with the Sioux indians and the death of 
Custer, (b) the presidential succession law, (c) one 
important event in the administration of Benjamin 
Harrison. 

238. (a) State the three principal grievances set 
forth in Madison's message as sufficient reasons for 
declaring war against England, (b) Mention two 
statesmen who urged the administration to recom- 
mend war. 

239. (a) Give an account of the battle of New 
Orleans and state its result, (b) What was the moral 
effect of this battle ? 

240. Show how the United States was affected by 
the war of 1812, as to (a) standing among nations, 



298 LATER REGENTS HISTORY QUESTIONS 

(b) domestic relations, (c) new industries, (d) com- 
merce, (e) improvement of internal communications. 

XVII. September 29, 1898 

241. Mention five places on the mainland of iSTorth 
America where attempts were made by Europeans to 
plant colonies before the year 1600. Mention the 
nation by which each attempt was made and state the 
result in each case. 

242. (a) Give an account of the first permanent 
English settlement in the present limits of the United 
States, (b) Mention, with location of settlement, 
three other nations that planted colonies in America 
during the first half of the 17th century. 

243. Give an account of the wars between the 
French and English in America, showing (a) gen- 
eral causes, (b) special causes of the last war, (c) 
comparative strength of the French and English col- 
onies, (d) final result of the struggle. 

244. Give an account of five acts or events that 
embittered the colonies against England and led them 
toward rebellion. 

245. Mention five important battles of the revolu- 
tion, showing why each was important. 

246. Describe the government of the united colo- 
nies during the revolutionary period. 

247. (a) Give an account of George Rogers Clark's 
expedition in the west and show why the result was 
important. (b) Describe briefly the ordinance of 
1787. 

248. Outline the measures adopted early in Wash- 



LATER REGENTS HISTORY QUESTIONS 299 

ington's administration (a) to meet the expenses of 
the government and (b) to establish the national 
credit. 

249. (a) What troubles with France arose in John 
Adams' administration? (b) How were these trou- 
bles finally settled ? 

250. (a) What changes of sentiment in regard to 
taxing imports took place in the north and in the 
south between 1814 and 1835 ? (b) What tariff 
troubles occurred in Jackson's administration? 

251. Give an account of the annexation of Texas, 
showing (a) how Texas acquired independence, (b) 
the political discussion regarding the admission of 
Texas to the Union. 

252. Mention five provisions of the omnibus bill. 

253. State briefly the causes of the civil war. 

254. Sketch the development and important serv- 
ices of the American navy from 1775 to the present 
time. 

255. (a) Give the number of states in the Union 
and (b) mention the last four states admitted. 

XVIII. January 26, 1899 

256. For what is each of five of the following 
noted: (a) John Cabot, (b) Vespucci, (c) Bialboa, 
(d) Champlain, (e) Eibault, (f) Marquette, (g) 
Kaleigh ? 

257. Mention five European nations that planted 
colonies in North America and a permanent settle- 
ment made by each. 

258. Describe the beginnings of New England, 



300 LATER REGENTS HISTORY QUESTION'S 

covering (a) Gosnold's expedition, (b) the Mayflower 
expedition and its results. 

259. Describe the three forms of government exist- 
ing in the English colonies at the close of the wars 
with the French. 

260. Show how the wars with the French tended 
to prepare the English colonies to gain their inde- 
pendence. 

261. Show the effect on the cause of American in- 
dependence of each of the following battles: (a) 
Bunker Hill, (b) Long Island, (c) Trenton, (d) 
Saratoga. 

262. (a) Give the names and the leading princi- 
ples of twv political parties during Washington's ad- 
ministration. With which party was (b) John 
Adams identified? (c) Jefferson? (d) Hamilton? 
(e) Madison? 

263. (a) Give an account of the explorations of 
Lewis and Clark, and (b) state two important results 
of their expedition. 

264. Write on railways in the United States, in- 
cluding (a) breaking ground for the first railway, 
(b) the first American locomotive, (c) the first New 
York railway, (d) growth. 

265. (a) State the causes and (b) give in detail 
the results of the war with Mexico. 

266. (a) Mention the events that led directly to 
the civil war and (b) state two important questions 
settled by this war. 

267. Give an account of two of the following: (a) 
the ordinance of 1787, (b) how Dr. Marcus Whit- 



LATER REGENTS HISTORY QUESTIONS 301 

man saved Oregon, (c) the blockade during the civil 
war, (d) the Pan-American congress. 

268. Give an account of the acquisition of terri- 
tory during Monroe's administration, showing (a) 
circumstances and events that led to it, (b) the three 
chief conditions of the treaty. 

269. (a) What is the Monroe doctrine? (b) Why 
was it proclaimed ? (c) What was England's atti- 
tude toward it ? (d) Why ? 

270. Write on the Missouri compromise as to (a) 
movement of population, (b) causes of sectional dif- 
ferences regarding slavery, (c) the southern and the 
northern view as to extending slavery westward, (d) 
the conditions of the compromise. 

XIX. March SO, 1899 

271. Give reasons for the expedition of Colum- 
bus, touching on (a) trade of Genoa and Venice with 
the east and its interruptions, (b) why he sailed west 
from Palos. 

272. (a) Describe the trials of the colony at 
Jamestown, (b) State the qualities necessary to suc- 
cess as a pioneer. 

273. (a) Mention three colonies that welcomed 
settlers without regard to religious beliefs, and (b) 
state the effect of this policy. 

274. Write on one of the following topics: (a) 
Braddock's expedition and its results, (b) the capture 
of Quebec. 

275. State two advantages possessed by (a) the 



302 LATER REGENTS HISTORY QUESTIONS 

colonists in the revolutionary war, (b) tbe British 
in the revolutionary war. 

276. Write a biographic sketch of about 75 words 
on one of the following: (a) Franklin, (b) Wash- 
ington, (c) Hamilton. 

277. (a) State two causes of the war of 1812. (b) 
In what portions of the United States was this war 
most severely felt ? 

278. (a) Mention the names of three new states 
admitted during the administrations of Madison and 
Monroe, and (b) state what new territory was ac- 
quired within the same period. 

279. Describe the following causes leading to the 
civil war: (a) fugitive slave law, (b) Dred Scott 
decision, (c) complaints of the south, (d) complaints 
of the north, (e) the free-soil party. 

280. Write on one of the following; (a) capture of 
New Orleans in 1862, (b) Lee's invasions of the 
north. 

281. Give an account of each of the following: (a) 
the Atlantic cable, (b) how Hayes became president. 

282. Write biographic notes on five of the follow- 
ing: (a) James Otis, (b) Patrick Henry, (c) Sam- 
uel Adams, (d) Robert Morris, (e) Daniel Boone, 
(f) Francis Marion, (g) Miles Standish, (h) An- 
thony Wayne. 

283. (a) What charge was made against Adams 
on account of the chief member of his cabinet ? (b) 
State the views of Adams regarding internal improve- 
ments. 

284. Describe the tariff views held (a) by 



LATER REGENT'S HISTORY QUESTIONS 303 

Adams; (b) by Jackson, (c) What section of the 
country generally shared Jackson's tariff views? (d) 
Explain. 

285. (a) What action was taken by South Caro- 
lina in regard to the tariff laws of 1828 and 1832 ? 
(b) How did Jackson meet the action of South Caro- 
lina .? (c) Give reasons for his course. 

XX. June 15, 1899 

286. Show how the growth of the United States 
has been affected by the river systems and the great 
lakes. 

287. (a) Give the names of two famous American 
authors who have written about the indians. (b) 
Describe indian warfare. 

288. Give the name of a man connected with the 
settlement of each of five of the following: (a) 
Plymouth, (b) Quebec, (c) Boston, (d) Jamestown, 
(e) Philadelphia, (f) St. Augustine, (g) Georgia, 
(h) Kentucky, (i) Rhode Island. 

289. Describe by drawing or otherwise two of the 
following: (a) blockhouse, (b) stockade, (c) canoe. 

290. Show why Franklin's plan for a union of 
the colonies (a) was proposed, (b) was not adopted. 

291. (a) Explain the stamp act of 1765. (b) 
Show how it was received. 

292. (a) Mention three military operations in 
INew England in 1775 and 1776, and (b) give an ac- 
count of one of them. 

293. State two ways by which the continental con- 
gress obtained money to carry on the war. 



304 LATER REGENTS HISTORY QUESTIONS 

294. Show by a map or otherwise the location and 
extent of the first two accessions to the territory of 
the United States. 

295. (a) Give the chief provision of the Kansas- 
Nebraska bill and (b) state the results of the passage 
of this bill. 

296. Show the importance of the capture of Vicks- 
burg to the cause of the union. 

297. Write a biographic sketch (about 75 words) 
of one of the following: (a) Clay, (b) Lincoln, (c) 
Tilden. 

298. (a) Give an account of the financial panic of 
1837 and (b) state three results of this panic. 

299. Give an account of the rise of the antislavery 
party as to (a) leaders, (b) antislavery riots, (c) de- 
nial of the right of petition, (d) presidential nomina- 
tions. 

300. (a) By whom and why was the annexation of 
Texas favored ? (b) Give an account of the political 
struggle caused by this question of annexation and 
(c) state the results. 

XXI. September 28, 1899 

301. What territory of the American continent 
was explored by each of the following: (a) Colum- 
bus, (b) Ponce de Leon, (c) De Soto, (d) La Salle, 
(e) C artier? 

302. (a) Give an account of the first two perma- 
nent settlements made by the French on the American 
continent, (b) What other European settlements 
existed in America at this time % 



LATER REGENTS HISTORY QUESTIONS 305 



303. Sketch the early history of Maryland, touch- 
ing on (a) settlement, (b) charter, (c) dissensions in 
the colony. 

304. Give the location of each of the following and 
connect each with the history of the intercolonial 
wars: (a) Fort Dnquesne, (b) Louisburg, (c) 
Schenectady, (d) Acadia, (e) Fort Ticonderoga. 

305. (a) Under what circumstances was negro 
slavery introduced into the English colonies ? (b) 
Why did slavery grow in the south and decline in the 
north ? 

306. (a) What state of feeling existed between 
England and her colonies at the close of the French 
and Indian war? (b) Mention four causes that 
tended to change this feeling. 

307. (a) Describe the campaign near Philadel- 
phia in 1777, and (b) state the effect of this cam- 
paign on each of the opposing armies, 

308. (a) Describe by map or otherwise the bounda- 
ries of the United States as fixed by the treaty with 
England in 1783, and (b) show the location of the 
northwest territory. 

309. State the -principal features of Hamilton's 
plan for establishing and maintaining the financial 
credit of the United States. 

310. Mention five acquisitions of territory by the 
United States prior to the civil war, giving the ap- 
proximate location of each acquisition. 

311. Describe briefly the events connected with 
the civil war from Lincoln's election to the battle of 
Bull Run. 



306 LATER REGENTS HISTORY QUESTIONS 



312. Write biographic notes on five of the follow- 
ing: (a) Stonewall Jackson, (b) Ulysses S. Grant, 
(c) Philip Sheridan, (d) Jefferson Davis, (e) Kob- 
ert E. Lee, (f) William H. Seward, (g) George B. 
McClellan. 

313. (a) State the attitude of England toward the 
confederate states. Give an account of (b) the Trent 
affair, (c) the Alabama dispute. 

314. Write on one of the following: (a) recon- 
struction of the south, (b) civil service reform, (c) 
the World's Columbian exposition. 

315. Give an account (not exceeding 150 words)" 
of the Spanish- American war. 

XXII. January 25, 1900 

316. State the basis of the claim of each of the fol- 
lowing to territory in America: (a) English, (b) 
Erench, (c) Dutch. 

317. Mention (a) two motives of the English gov- 
ernment in planting colonies in America, (b) 'two 
principal causes of emigration to America in the colo- 
nial period. 

318. (a) Give an account of - the New England 
confederation and state its object, (b) What colo- 
nies were denied admission ? (c) Why ? 

319. State (a) the chief causes and (b) the final 
results of the wars between the English and the 
Erench in America. 

320. Mention (a) two laws and (b) three events 
that led to the American revolution. 

321. Show (a) why the French aided the United 



LATER REGENTS HISTORY QUESTIONS 307 

States during the revolution, (b) how the alliance 
with France aided the revolutionary cause. 

322. Give an account of two of the following: (a) 
war with Tripoli, (b) Louisiana purchase, (c) Ash- 
burton treaty. 

323. Trace the growth of the cotton industry in 
the United States, showing its effects on negro 
slavery. 

324. Write a biographic sketch of one of the fol- 
lowing: (a) Hamilton, (b) Daniel Webster, (c) 
Grant. 

325. (a) Give an account of John Brown's raid 
on Harper's Ferry and (b) show how this raid af- 
fected the public sentiment of the country. 

326. Mention three important battles of the civil 
war. Explain why each was important, 

327. Write biographic notes on five of the follow- 
ing: (a) Roger Williams, (b) Cotton Mather, (c) 
John Marshall, (d) Oliver H. Perry, (e) Samuel F. 
E. Morse, (f) Stephen A. Douglas, (g) Philip H. 
Sheridan. 

328. (a) Give an account of the boundary dispute 
with Mexico and state its consequences, (b) Give 
the terms of the treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo. 

329. (a) Give the circumstances that led to the 
formation of the free-soil party, (b) What was the 
Wilmot proviso? 

330. Sketch the history of the Oregon country, 
covering (a) early explorations and settlements, (b) 
boundary disputes with England, (c) Oregon treaty. 



308 LATER REGENTS HISTORY QUESTIONS 



XXII. January 25, 1900. 

331. Give an account of the explorations of two 
of the following: (a) The Cabots, (b) Oartier, (c) 
Balboa, (d) Hudson, (e) Marquette. 

332. (a) Describe the early attempts of the Hu- 
guenots to make settlements in America, (b) State 
the causes of their failure. 

333. (a) Show by map or otherwise the territory 
on the American continent controlled by the French 
and English respectively in the middle of the 18th 
century, (b) State two causes of war between the 
English colonists and the French colonists. 

334. Describe England's American colonial policy 
in the 18th century in regard to (a) trade, (b) manu- 
factures, (c) taxation. What was the immediate re- 
sult of this policy ? 

335. Describe the events resulting in the surrender 
at Yorktown. 

336. (a) What were the articles of confederation ? 
(b) Mention two leading particulars in which these 
articles were defective, and (c) show what was done 
to form " a more perfect union." 

337. (a) What action was taken under Washing- 
ton's administration regarding the debts incurred 
during the revolution ? (b) By whose advice was 
this policy adopted ? 

338. State (a) the chief cause and (b) three re- 
sults of the war of 1812. 

339. Mention the successive steps by which the 



LATER REGENTS HISTORY QUESTIONS 



309 



United States obtained its territory west of the Mis- 
sissippi river. 

340. Mention three great enterprises by which 
travel and trade between the east and the west were 
aided during the administration of John Quincy 
Adams. 

341. Outline the events of the first year of the civil 
war. 

342. Write biographic notes on five of the follow- 
ing: (a) John Ericsson, (b) Daniel Boone, (c) John 
Carver, (d) Jonathan Edwards, (e) Patrick Henry, 
(f) Lafayette, (g) Longfellow, (h) Pocahontas. 

343. (a) What great political and social questions 
agitated the country when Taylor became president ? 
State the attitude on these questions of each of the 
following: (b) Clay, (c) Webster, (d) Seward, (e) 
Stephen A. Douglas. 

344. Show the effects on public opinion of the 
publication of (a) Uncle Tom's cabin and (b) 
Helper's Impending crisis; of (c) the assault on 
Senator Sumner. 

345. Give an account of the following connected 
with the struggle between freedom and slavery in 
Kansas: (a) squatter sovereignty, (b) the border 
war, (c) the Topeka convention. 

XXIV. June U, 1900 

346. Describe one of the following: (a) the first 
voyage of Columbus to America, (b) De Soto's expe- 
dition. 

347. (a) Mention two facts that show the religious 



310 LATER REGENTS HISTORY QUESTIONS 

intolerance of the Massachusetts Bay colony and (b) 
state two effects of this intolerance on the settlement 
of New England. 

348. State, with reference to the settlement of 
Pennsylvania, (a) purpose of its founder, (b) kind 
of government established, (c) results of the " great 
treaty." 

349. (a) Show the importance of Fort Duquesne 
in the French and Indian war. (b) Describe an ex- 
pedition against this fort.. 

350. State (a) the purpose of the stamp act, (b) 
one reason why the colonists thought the stamp act 
unjust. 

351. (a) Show the importance of the control of 
the Hudson river in the war of the revolution, (b) 
Describe an attempt of the British to get control of 
this river. 

352. Give three reasons that were urged for the 
adoption of the federal constitution. 

353. Give an account of two of the following: (a) 
the alien and sedition laws, (b) Eli Whitney's inven- 
tion and its results, (c) the Louisiana purchase. 

354. Show the effect in the civil war of (a) the 
blockade, (b) the opening of the Mississippi, (c) 
Sherman's march to the sea. 

355. Write on two of the following: (a) develop- 
ment of the new south, (b) first Pacific railway, (c) 
purchase of Alaska. 

356. Give (a) two causes and (b) two important 
results of the Spanish-American war. 

357. Write biographic notes on five of the follow- 



LATER REGENTS HISTORY QUESTIONS 311 



-ing: (a) Francis Marion, (b) Thomas McDonough, 
'(c) Cyrus H. McCormick, (d) Oliver H. Perry, (e) 
William H. Prescott, (f) Alexander H. Stephens, 
(g) Tecumseh. 

358. (a) Give an account of the Dred Scott deci- 
sion and (b) show how it affected an important pro- 
vision of the Missouri compromise, (c) State the 
effect of this decision on political parties in the 
north. 

359. State (a) one immediate cause and (b) one 
remote cause of the secession of South Carolina, (c) 
What preparations for war were made by the south 
in Buchanan's administration ? 

360. (a) Mention the states that seceded during 
Buchanan's administration, (b) Show what was 
done by these states to establish a new government. 

XXV. September 26, 1900 

361. State (a) two motives that led early explorers 
to visit the new world, (b) two results of early ex- 
plorations. 

362. Connect an important event with each of the 
following: (a) John Cabot, (b) Cortez, (c) La 
Salle, (d) Magellan, (e) Ponce de Leon. 

363. (a) Describe the personal appearance and the 
mode of life of the North American Indians, (b) 
Mention the principal tribes of Indians that inhabited 
"New York. 

364. Give an account of the settlement of each of 
iwo of the following: (a) Georgia, (b) Maryland, 
■(c) Rhode Island. 



312 LATER REGENTS HISTORY QUESTIONS 



365. What were the leading industries in colonial 
times in (a) ]\ T ew England, (b) New York, (c) Vir- 
ginia ? 

366. State (a) two causes of dispute between the 
English and the French colonists in North America, 
(b) one advantage gained by the English colonists 
from the intercolonial wars. 

367. Explain two of the following: (a) naviga- 
tion acts, (b) stamp act, (c) declaratory act, (d) 
mutiny act. 

368. Mention the battle of the revolution that gave 
the British possession of (a) New York city, (b) 
Philadelphia, (c) Describe one of the battles men- 
tioned. 

369. Write on two of the following connected with 
Washington's administrations: (a) first inaugura- 
tion, (b) an important financial measure, (c) admis- 
sion of new states. 

370. Give an account of one of the following: (a) 
industrial changes caused by the war of 1812, (b) the 
completion and importance of the Erie canal. 

371. State immediate and remote results of the- 
annexation of Texas. 

372. Give an account of two of the following : (a) 
services of New York state in the civil war, (b) draft 
riots, (c) Atlantic cable. 

373. Write biographic notes on five of the follow- 
ing: (a) Sir Edmund Andros, (b) James Eenimore- 
Cooper, (c) John Jay, (d) Pontiac, (e) William EL 
Seward, (f) William T. Sherman, (g) David Wil- 
mot. 



LATER REGENTS HISTORY QUESTION'S 313 



374. (a) State the principal provisions of the 
treaty between the United States and Spain (1898). 
(b) Who has power to make treaties for the United 
States ? 

375. Classify the following acts as legislative, ex- 
ecutive, judicial: (a) alien and sedition laws, (b) 
admission of Missouri, (c) specie circular, (d) fugi- 
tive slave law, (e) Dred Scott decision, (f) emanci- 
pation proclamation. 

XXVI. January 23, 1901 

376. Connect an important fact of American his- 
tory with each of five of the following: (c) Amer- 
igo Vespucci, (b) Sir Francis Drake, (c) Sir Walter 
Raleigh, (d) John Smith, (e) Miles Standish, (f) 
Peter Minuit, (g) Roger Williams. 

377. Define or explain, with reference to Indian 
life, five of the following: (a) wigwam, (b) scalp- 
lock, (c) wampum, (d) totem, (e) moccasin, (f) 
death-song, (g) running the gantlet. 

378. (a) Mention the European nations that 
claimed territory in New York, (b) Explain the 
consequences of Champlain's attacks on the Iroquois. 

379. Give an account of the Plymouth settlement, 
covering (a) purpose of the settlers in coming to 
America, (b) kind of government established, (c) 
hardships endured. 

380. State the purpose and an important; result of 
each of two of the following: (a) stamp act con- 
gress, (b) committees of correspondence, (c) declara- 
tion of independence. 



314 LATER REGENTS HISTORY QUESTIONS 

381. (a) Mention two important battles of the? 
revolution that were fought in New York state and 
(b) give an account of one of them. 

382. Give the names of the 13 original states. 

383. Describe by map or otherwise the northwest 
territory, showing the states that have been formed 
from it. 

384. Write on one of the following: (a) Jay's 
treaty with England and its results, (b) invasions o£ 
New York state in the war of 1812. 

385. Describe two routes of travel from the Atlan- 
tic states westward that were much used before rail- 
ways were built, 

386. (a) Mention three events that indicated ill 
feeling in regard to slavery before the civil war. (b) 
Give an account of one of the events mentioned. 

387. Show the importance in the civil war of two 
of the following: (a) defeat of the Merrimac, (b) 
battle of Antietam, (c) capture of Yicksburg. 

388. Write on two of the following: (a) assassina- 
tion of Garfield, (b) resources of Alaska, (c) annexa- 
tion of the Hawaiian islands. 

389. Mention (a) the departments of government 
that were established by the constitution, (b) two 
duties of the president of the United States. 

390. State briefly how a United States law is 

made. XXVII. March 21, 1901 

391. Write on two of the following: (a) origin 
of the name America, (b) England's claim to North 
America, (c) the discovery of the Pacific. 



LATER REGENTS HISTORY QUESTIONS 315 

392. Mention (a) three traits of character and (b) 
two religious beliefs of the North American Indians. 

393. (a) What portions of New York state were 
first settled by the Dutch ? (b) State the approxi- 
mate location of a settlement made in New York by 
the Germans. 

394. Give an account of the settlement of Mary- 
land, touching on (a) name and purpose of its 
founder, (b) the toleration act, (c) Clayborne's re- 
bellion. 

395. Describe the trade of the American colonies 
prior to the revolution, including a mention of three 
important articles (a) exported, (b) imported. 

396. State the circumstances that led to (a) the 
battle of Princeton, (b) Sullivan's expedition 
(1779). 

397. (a) Mention two important events that oc- 
curred in Jefferson's administration and (b) give an 
account of one of them. 

398. State in regard to travel in the United States 
(a) means used by early settlers, (b) an improvement 
made before 1800, (c) two improvements introduced 
between 1800 and 1850. 

399. Write on one of the following: (a) the anti- 
slavery leaders of New York, (b) the discovery of 
gold in California and the results of the discovery. 

400. Write brief biographies of two of the follow- 
ing: (a) Lafayette, (b) Andrew Jackson, (c) Cvrus 
W. Field. 

401. Mention (a) two remote causes and (b) two 
immediate causes of the civil war. 



316 LATER REGEISTTS HISTORY QUESTIONS 



402. (a) Define impeachment, (b) By whom are 
impeachments (c) made, (d) tried? (e) What presi- 
dent of the United States was tried on impeachment 
charges ? 

403. Give an account of two of the following: 

(a) the Alabama claims, (b) the Ku-Klux Klan, (c) 
Greater New York, (d) the part taken by New York 
in the Spanish war. 

404. Connect an important event in American his- 
tory with each of five of the following places: (a) 
Kingston, (b) Newburgh, (c) Oswego, (d) Palmyra, 
(e) Plattsburg, (f) Tappan, (g) Ticonderoga, (h) 
Tarrytown, (i) White Plains. 

405. (a) How are members of the cabinet chosen? 

(b) Mention the official titles and general duties of 
three cabinet officers. 

XXVIII. June 19, 1901 

406. (a) Describe two trade routes between Eu- 
rope and Asia in the 15th century and (b) show why 
other routes were sought, 

407. (a) What portions of New York were in- 
habited by Algonquins ? Show the attitude of the 
Algonquins in New York and New Jersey toward 
(b) the Iroquois, (c) the early Dutch settlers. 

408. (a) Describe Raleigh's attempts to settle Vir- 
ginia and state (b) the immediate results, (c) a re- 
mote result. 

409. Write on one of the following: (a) effects of 
the French and Indian wars on the colonies, 5 (b) 



LATER REGENTS HISTORY QUESTIONS 317 

important events in Governor Dongan's administra- 
tion. 

410. (a) Mention two colonial congresses that met 
prior to 1775 and (b) state what was done by each. 

411. Give an account of the sufferings of New 
York in the revolution, covering (a) battles fought 
in the state, (b) hostile invasions, (c) duration of 
the British occupation of New York city and vicinity. 

412. Mention and explain two difficult ies encoun- 
tered by the government of the United States from 
1783 to 1789. 

413. Show the effect on the growth of slavery of 
(a) the cultivation of tobacco, (b) the ordinance of 
1787, (c) the growing of cotton. 

414. Write on one of the following: (a) the battle 
of Lake Champlain (1814), (b) the anti-rent trou- 
bles, (c) the origin of the free-soil party. 

415. Give a brief account of the territorial gains 
made by the United States between 1812 and 1870. 

416. Mention three important naval engagements 
in the civil war and state a result of each. 

417. Give an account, of one of the following: (a) 
the Pacific railways, (b) the battle of Manila bay, 
(c) the formation of Greater New York. 

418. Write biographic notes on five of the follow- 
ing: (a) George Rogers Clark, (b) De Witt Clin- 
ton, (c) George Armstrong Custer, (d) James 
Buchanan Eads, (e) Robert Fulton, (f) Alexander 
Hamilton, (g) Elias Howe, (h) George Gordon 
Meade. 

419. Define or explain five of the following: (a) 



318 LATER REGENTS HISTORY QUESTIONS 

census, (b) copyright, (c) counterfeiting, (d) patent, 
(e) privateer, (f) treason, (g) treaty, (h) veto. 

420. State in regard to the justices of the supreme 
court of the United States (a) method of appoint- 
ment, (b) term of office, (c) Who was the first chief 
justice ? 

XXIX. September 25, 1901 

421. Explain why the invention of the mariner's 
compass aided the discovery and exploration of the 
new world. 

422. Give an account of the settlement of Eew 
York by the Dutch, covering (a) the purpose of the 
first settlers, (b) the location of the first two settle- 
ments, (c) the introduction of the patroon system. 

423. Give an account of the settlement of one of 
the following: (a) Rhode Island, (b) Kentucky. 

424. Write on one of the following connected with 
the French and Indian wars; (a) the attack on 
Schenectady, (b) the first capture of Louisburg, (c) 
the Albany congress (1754). 

425. Mention (a) two colleges in the United States 
that were founded before the revolution, giving the 
location of each, (b) a colony that established ele- 
mentary schools by law. 

426. (a) What was the stamp act (1765) ? (b) 
Explain why the repeal of the stamp act did not 
pacify the colonists. 

427. Write on one of the following: (a) the bat- 
tle of Long Island and its results, (b) Arnold's trea- 
son. 



LATER REGENTS HISTORY QUESTIONS 319 



428. Give an account of the boyhood and youthful 
training of George Washington. 

429. Mention the first five presidents of the United 
States and connect an important event with the ad- 
ministration of each. 

430. (a) Show why the admission of Missouri 
caused dispute, (b) State the terms of the Missouri 
compromise. 

431. Show the importance in the civil war of two 
of the following: (a.) the capture of forts Henry and 
Donelson, (b) the battle of Antietam, (c) the eman- 
cipation proclamation, (d) the capture of Atlanta. 

432. Mention the territorial gains made by the 
United States since the civil war and state how each 
was acquired. 

433. Write biographic notes on five of the follow- 
ing: (a) Samuel Adams, (b) Ethan Allen, (c) 
Alexander Graham Bell, (d) General Braddock, (e) 
Nathan Hale, (f) Francis S. Key, (g) Dred Scott, 
(h) Harriet Beecher Stowe. 

434. (a) What department of government has 
charge of the United States census ? (b) How often 
and for what purposes is the United States census 
taken ? 

435. State the qualifications for the presidency of 
the United States as regards (a) age, (b) birth, (c) 
residence. zzx January 29, 1902 

436. Give an account of the first voyage of Colum- 
bus to America, covering (a) purpose, (b) discour- 
agements, (c) results. 



320 LATER REGENTS HISTORY QUESTIONS 

437. Give a brief account of the discovery of two 
of the following: (a) Florida, (b) the Mississippi, 
(c) the St. Lawrence. 

438. Show how New York came into the possession 
of the English. 

439. Describe the difficulties and perils of the early 
settlers of one of the following: (a) Jamestown, 
(b) Plymouth. 

440. Show (a) how negro slavery began in the 
colonies, (b) why slavery increased more rapidfy in 
the south than in the north. 

441. Draw a map of that section of New York 
most exposed to invasion during the French and In- 
dian wars and on it give the location, with name, of 
each of two important forts. 

442. Define or explain two of the following: (a) 
writs of assistance, (b) declaratory act, (c) commit- 
tees of correspondence, (d) Boston port bill. 

443. Mention, as notably connected with the revo- 
lution, (a) two political leaders, (b) three American 
generals, (c) one English statesman who favored the 
colonists, (d) two foreigners who gave substantial 
aid, (e) one naval commander, (f) one financier. 

444. (a) What event forced England to grant in- 
dependence to the colonies ? (b) State the boundaries 
of the United States as fixed by the treaty of 1783. 

445. Mention the important wars in which the 
United States engaged between 1783 and 1860. 
Give the general cause and one important result of 
each war. 

446. State the circumstances that led to the an- 



LATER REGENTS HISTORY QUESTIONS 321 

nexation of each of two of the following: (a) 
Florida, (b) Texas, (e) Hawaii. 

447. Write on two of the following: (a) the battle 
of Gettysburg, (b) Lincoln's assassination, (c) re- 
sults of the civil war. 

448. Compare the methods of travel and trans- 
portation in colonial days with those of the present 
time. 

449. Who has power under the constitution to 
(a) cdmmand the army and navy^ (b) admit new 
states, (c) make treaties, (d) declare war? (e) Dis- 
tinguish between congress and the house of repre- 
sentatives. 

450. (a) Mention three things that the constitu- 
tion forbids states to do. (b) Give a reason for one 
of these prohibitions. 

XXXI. March 2k, 1902 

451. What was generally believed before the dis- 
covery of America in regard to (a) the shape of the 
earth, (b) the size of the earth ? (c) Show how one 
of these beliefs was a hindrance to Columbus. 

452. Draw a map of New York state and on it 
show, with name, the location of two Dutch settle- 
ments. 

453. State how two of the following aided the 
settlement of the American colonies: (a) John Win- 
throp, (b) Cecil Calvert (Lord Baltimore), (c) Wil- 
liam Penn, (d) James Oglethorpe. 

454. Write on one of the following topics: (a) 



322 LATER REGENTS HISTORY QUESTIONS 

the purchase of Manhattan island, (b) the troubles, of 
Peter Stuyvesant. 

455. (a) State one frequent cause of trouble be- 
tween the English colonists and the Indians, (b) 
Why were the Indians of central New York hostile to 
the French ? 

456. Give an account of a public service rendered 
by Benjamin Franklin (a) before the revolution, 

(b) during the revolution, (c) after the revolution. 

457. Arrange in the order of occurrence the fol- 
lowing: (a) battle of Lexington, (b) stamp act, 

(c) Boston port bill, (d) Boston tea-party, (e) bat- 
tle of Long Island. 

458. (a) Distinguish between battle and campaign, 
(b) Mention three campaigns of the revolution and 
an important result of each. 

459. Mention and explain two benefits derived 
from the adoption of the constitution of the United 
States. 

460. Relate the circumstances that led to the pur- 
chase of Louisiana. 

461. State in regard to the Erie canal (a) its pur- 
pose, (b) its chief promoter, (c) its benefits to New 
York state and the west. 

462. (a) Mention an important event of Jackson's 
administrations, (b) Show the importance of the 
event mentioned. 

463. Write on two of the following: (a) the eman- 
cipation proclamation, (b) the Haymarket riot in 
Chicago, (c) the assassination of President Mc- 
Kinley. 



LATER REGENTS HISTORY QUESTIONS 323 



464. Show how each of the following is chosen 
and state the term of office of each : (a) United States 
senator, (b) member of the house of representatives. 

465. Mention the department, executive, legisla- 
tive or judicial, which has charge of each o^the fol- 
lowing: (a) selection of post-masters, (b) levying 
taxes, (cptrials for treason, (d) pardons for offenses i 
against the United States, (e) fixing a standard of 
weights and measures. 

XXXII. June 18, 1902 

466. Write biographic notes on five of the follow- 
ing: (a) Champlain, (b) Coronado, (c) Cortez, (d) 
Sir Francis Drake, (e) La Salle, (f) Magellan, (g) 
Verrazano. 

467. Mention three European nations that made 
settlements in North America and give the location 
of the first permanent settlement made by each. 

468. Describe the settlement of one of the follow- 
ing: (a) Pennsylvania, (b) Ehode Island, (c) 
Georgia . 

469. Give an account of two instances in which 
earfy settlers were greatly aided by the Indians. 

470. Describe by drawing or otherwise two of the 
following: (a) blockhouse, (b) spinning-wheel, (c) 
colonial fireplace, (d) snow-shoe. 

471. (a.) Mention three events that may be re- 
garded as causes of the Revolution, (b) Give an 
account of one event mentioned. 

472. Write on two of the following topics relating 
to the Revolution: (a) the capture of Ticonderoga, 



324 LATER REGENTS HISTORY QUESTIONS 

(b) the death of Nathan Hale, (c) the burning of 
Kingston. 

473. Show how the surrender of Burgoyne was 
connected with (a) the battle of Bennington, (b) the 
battle of Oriskany. 

474. (a) What departments of government estab- 
lished by the Constitution were not provided for in 
the Articles of Confederation ? (b) Why were these 
departments found necessary ? 

475. Mention an important event in the admin- 
istration of each of the following: (a) Jefferson, (b) 
Monroe, (c) John Quincy Adams, (d) Show the 
importance of one event mentioned. 

47 6. Mention the American who is entitled to most 
credit for each of the following: (a) steamboat, (b) 
sewing-machine, (c) telegraph, (d) Atlantic cable, 
(e) telephone. 

477. Give an account of Sherman's march to the 
sea, covering (a) purpose, (b) route chosen, (c) 
three important results. 

478. Relate important circumstances that led to 
the recent war with Spain. 

479. Sketch the life of one of the following: (a) 
De Witt Clinton, (b) Ulysses S. Grant, (c) William 
McKinley. 

480. (a) What is a veto ? (b) How may a bill 
that has been vetoed become a law ? 

XXXIII. . September U, 1902 

481. Give an account of a noted exploration of 



LATER REGENTS HISTORY QUESTIONS 325 

North America made in the service of (a) France,, 
(b) England. 

482. Describe the mode of life of the North 
American Indians, covering (a) habitations, (b) oc- 
cupations. 

483. Give an account of the Massachusetts Bay 
colony, touching on (a) purpose, (b) principal lead- 
ers, (c) principal settlements. 

484. Mention two important military expeditions 
of the French and Indian wars and show the pur- 
pose of each expedition. 

485. (a) Distinguish between charter colony and 
royal colony, (b) What special advantage was pos- 
sessed by charter colonies ? 

486. State in regard to American colonial trade 
(a) two restrictions made by England, (b) an illegal 
practice that became common in the colonies. 

48 7. (a) Mention as connected with the Revolu- 
tion five important events that occurred in New York 
state, (b) Give an account of one event mentioned. 

448. Give an account of the First Continental 
Congress, showing (a) why it was summoned, (b) 
where it met, (c) what it did. 

489. Show by map or otherwise the location in 
New York state of (a) three places that were invaded 
in the War of 1812, (b) two cities whose growth was 
largely promoted by the Erie canal. 

490. Mention an important event connected with 
the administration of each of the following: (a) Van 
Buren, (b) Polk, (c) Buchanan. Show the im- 
portance of each event mentioned. 



32G LATER REGENTS HISTORY QUESTIONS 

491. State one important result of each of the fol- 
lowing: (a) the invention of the cotton-gin, (b) the 
invention of the reaper, (c) the introduction of rail- 
ways. 

492. Mention and explain two important causes 
of the Civil War. 

493. State in regard to the Alabama claims (a) 
origin, (b) importance, (c) terms of settlement. 

494. Why are states forbidden by the Constitution 
to (a) engage in war, (b) make treaties, (c) coin 
money ? 

495. Mention and explain three duties of the presi- 
dent of the United States. 

XXXIV. January 28, 1902 

496. (a) Give two reasons why Columbus wished 
to find a new route to India, (b) Show why the dis- 
coveries of Columbus at first disappointed the Span- 
iards. 

497. Describe the character of the North American 
Indian as it appeared in (a) peace, (b) war. 

498. Write biographic notes on five of the follow- 
ing: (a) Cecil Calvert, (b) Massasoit, (c) Peter 
Minuit, (d) William Penn, (e) Pocahontas, (f) 
Governor Winthrop, (g) Roger Williams. 

499. Describe the settlement of New Netherlands, 
touching on (a) previous explorations, (b) purpose 
of the early settlers, (c) kind of government estab- 
lished. 

500. Mention a colony that before the Revolution 



LATER REGENTS HISTORY QUESTIONS 327 



engaged largely in (a) fishing, (b) fur trading, (c) 
commerce, (d) tobacco raising, (e) rice growing. 

501. Write on two of the following relating to the 
•colonial history of Eew York: (a) the First General 
Assembly, (b) the burning of Schenectady, (c) Jacob 
Xeisler's rebellion. 

502. Give an account of the public services of 
George Washington prior to the Revolution. 

503. Distinguish between the Articles of Confed- 
eration and the Constitution, (b) When was the 
'Constitution adopted ? 

504. Mention as connected with the War of 1812 
{a) three important American victories, (b) twv 
serious American disasters, (c) Give an account of 
one event mentioned. 

505. Arrange the following in chronologic order 
with reference to their administrations: (a) Lincoln, 
(b) Grant, (c) John Quincy Adams, (d) Andrew 
Jackson, (e) John Adams. Connect one important 
event with each administration. 

506. Show the importance of 'two of the following 
in the Civil War: (a) the first battle of Bull Run, 
{b) the capture of New Orleans, (c) the capture of 
Atlanta. 

507. Show how each of the following was ac- 
quired: (a) Oregon, (b) Alaska, (c) Porto Rico. 

508. Give an account of the destruction of Cer- 
vera's fleet. 

509. Define or explain five of the following: (a) 
^Congress, (b) electoral college, (c) Emancipation 



328 LATER REGENTS HISTORY QUESTIONS 

Proclamation, (d) impeachment, (e) legislation, (f) 
suffrage, (g) treaty. 

510. (a) What important duty is performed by 
the vice-president? (b) Mention three vice-presi- 
dents who have succeeded to the presidency through 
the death of the president. 

XXXV. March 25, 1903 

511. Give an account of an important exploration 
of each of two of the following: (a) Magellan, (b) 
Henry Hudson, (c) Adrian Block. 

512. Mention the first permanent settlement made 
within the present boundaries of the United States- 
by (a) Spain, (b) England. Give the location and 
the approximate date of each. 

513. Give two reasons why early European settle- 
ments in North America were generally made on or 
near the coast. 

514. Write on one of the following: (a) customs 
and mode of life of the Dutch settlers in New Am- 
sterdam, (b) Champlain's attack on the Iroquois and 
its results. 

515. (a) Mention two American colonies that had 
the right to elect their own governors, (b) What 
important colony was deprived of this right in the 
reign of Charles 2 ? (c) Give reasons. 

516. Explain the circumstances under which two- 
of the following were uttered: (a) " Caesar had his 
Brutus, Charles 1 his Cromwell, and George 3 may^ 
profit by their example," (b) " This meeting can 
do nothing more to save the country," (c) " I regret 



LATER REGENTS HISTORY QUESTIONS 329 

only that I have but one life to give to my country." 

517. (a) Mention three battles of the Revolution 
that were commanded by Washington, (b) Give an 
account of one battle mentioned. 

518. (a) Mention five states that have been formed 
from the Louisiana purchase, (b) Why did the pos- 
session of New Orleans become important to the 
United States ? 

519. What section of the United States was much 
opposed to the War of 1812 ? Give reasons. 

520. State the provisions of the Missouri Compro- 
mise in regard to slavery. 

521. Define or explain two of the following: (a) 
fugitive slave law, (b) Dred Scott Decision, (c) 
underground railroad. 

522. Give an account of one of the following: (a) 
draft riot in New York city, (b) Lincoln's Gettys- 
burg Address, (c) the capture of Richmond. 

523. Sketch the life of one of the following: (a) 
Philip Schuyler, (b) William H. Seward, (c) Peter 
Cooper. 

524. State with reference to the governor of New 
York state (a) mode of election, (b) term of office, 
(c) three duties. 

525. Mention and explain three rights secured to 
every law-abiding citizen by the Constitution of the 
United States. 

XXXVI. June 17, 1903 

526. Show why exploration in the 15th century 
was extended by the use of the mariner's compass. 



330 LATER REGENTS HISTORY QUESTIONS 

527. Give an account of two of the following: (a) 
the discovery of the Pacific ocean, (b) the voyage 
of Magellan, (c) the discovery of the continent of 
North America. 

528. Write on one of the following: (a) Indian 
attacks on the Dutch settlers in the time of Governor 
Kieft, (b) dispute between the Dutch and the Eng- 
lish in regard to the boundary of New Netherlands. 

529. (a) Mention two New England colonies that 
were first settled by people from Massachusetts, (b) 
Give an account of the settlement of one of these 
colonies. 

530. Define or explain five of the following: (a) 
charter, (b) royal governor, (c) proprietary colony,, 
(d) regicides, (e) New England Confederacy, (f) 
witchcraft, (g) Puritan, (h) Pilgrim. 

531. Mention three important English victories in 
the last intercolonial war and show why each was 
important, 

532. Write on one of the following relating to the 
Revolution: (a) Washington's retreat through New 
Jersey, (b) Benefits of the French alliance, (c) In- 
dian and Tory warfare in New York state. 

533. Mention the presidents of the United States 
from 1789 to 1812. Connect an important event with 
the administration of each. 

534. Give an account of the Mexican War, touch- 
ing on (a) remote cause, (b) immediate cause, (c) 
resulting territorial gains. 

535. State an important service rendered by each 
of three of the following: (a) Andrew Jackson, (b) 



LATER REGENTS HISTORY QUESTIONS 331 

Henry Clay, (c) Daniel Webster, (d) De Witt Clin- 
ton, (e) Samuel E. B. Morse. 

536. Give an account of the dispute that arose over 
the admission of California as a state. 

537. Mention and describe two important events 
by which the Union forces gained control of the Mis- 
sissippi in the Civil War. 

538. Mention as results of the War with Spain 
(a.) the possessions lost by Spain, (b) the territorial 
gains of the United States. 

539. Show how those held in slavery before the 
Civil War (a) became citizens of the United States, 
(b) obtained the right to vote. 

540. (a) Distinguish between a legislative bill and 
a law. (b) How does a bill become a law in New 
York state? 

XXXVII. September SO, 1903 

541. Mention an exploration that gave claim to 
territory in North America to (a) England, (b) 
France. Give an account of each exploration men- 
tioned. 

542. Describe three weapons or implements used 
by the Indians before America was settled by Eu- 
ropeans. 

543. Mention one man prominently connected with 
the settlement of each of the following: (a) Plym- 
outh, (b) Salem, (c) New Amsterdam, (d) Quebec, 
(e) St. Augustine. 

544. Write on one of the following: (a) Indian 



332 LATER REGENTS HISTORY QUESTIONS 

wars in New England, (b) aid given by the Iroquois 
to the English in New York. 

545. Give an account of one of the following: (a) 
New York's resistance to the Stamp Act, (b) conflicts 
that arose in New York city from the attempt of the 
British government to quarter troops on the colony. 

546. Give an account of each of the following and 
state an important result of each: (a) the Boston 
Tea-party, (b) the capture of Ticonderoga by Ethan 
Allen. 

547. Write on one of the following: (a) Benjamin 
Franklin at the French court, (b) the services of 
John Paul Jones. 

548. (a) Mention three important events that oc- 
curred during Jefferson's administrations, (b) Give 
an account of one event mentioned. 

549. Mention the most important battle fought 
in New York state during the War of 1812. Give 
^an account of this battle. 

550. State in regard to the Kansas-Nebraska Bill 
(a) its principal provision, (b) the disorders that 
resulted from its passage. 

551. Show the importance in the Civil War of two 
of the following: (a) the firing on Fort Sumter 
(1861), (b) The Trent Affair, (c) the capture of 
Mobile Bay. 

552. Mention five presidents who have served since 
the Civil War. Connect an important event with the 
administration of each. 

553. (a) State how and when Alaska was acquired. 



LATER REGENTS HISTORY QUESTIONS 333 



(b) Mention three of the most valuable products of 
Alaska. 

554. Describe the legislative branch of the United 
States government, touching on (a) divisions, (b) 
election of the members of each division, (c) presid- 
ing officer of each division. 

555. Mention the branch of government, legisla- 
tive, executive or judicial, which has charge of each 
of the following: (a) appointing judges of the Su- 
preme Court, (b) raising an army, (c) commanding 
the army, (d) declaring war, (e) settling controver- 
sies between states. 

XXXVIII. January 27, 190 % 

556. Relate two events in the life of Columbus 
that show his perseverance. 

557. Mention territory in the new world over 
which dispute arose between (a) France and Spain, 
(b) England and Holland, (c) England and France, 
(d) Holland and Sweden. State results in each case. 

558. Give an account of the first settlement made 
by Europeans in three of the following places: (a) 
Albany, (b) Borough of Manhattan, (c) Brooklyn, 
(d) Johnstown, (e) Kingston, (f) Oswego, (g) Og- 
densburg. 

559. State in regard to the Quakers (a) why they 
were persecuted, (b) what colony they founded, (c) 
how they were governed as a colony. 

560. (a) State what was done in the 18th century 
to people who failed to pay their debts, (b) Show how 



334 LATER REGENTS HISTORY QUESTIONS 



the laws against debtors brought many settlers to 
the American colonies. 

561. Mention five tribes of the Iroquois in Xew 
York state. Show by map or otherwise the location 
of each tribe mentioned. 

562. Relate the circumstances that led to the battle 
of (a) Lexington, (b) Bunker Hill. 

563. Arrange in order of occurrence the following: 
(a) the battle of Saratoga, (b) the Declaration of 
Independence, (c) the evacuation of Boston by the 
British, (d) the battle of Princeton, (e) Greene's 
campaign in the south. 

564. Mention and explain two benefits gained by 
the purchase of Louisiana. 

565. (a) Explain the meaning of slavery, (b) 
Mention five states in which slavery existed in 1860. 

566. Mention three additions to territory made by 
the LTnited States since the Civil War. Show how 
each addition mentioned is valuable. 

567. Describe an improvement made since the 
Civil War in (a) travel, (b) communication. 

568. Define constitution. By whom are constitu- 
tions (a) drawn up, (b) adopted? What serves as 
a constitution in the case of a city? 

569. Mention two duties of the president of the 
United States that must be performed with the advice 
and consent of the Senate. 

570. Give an account of Lincoln's boyhood. 



LATER REGENTS HISTORY QUESTIONS 335 



XXXIX. March 28, 190 % 

571. Describe the weapons of the North American 
Indians before Europeans came. 

572. Mention three noted English explorers who 
lived before 1600. Connect one important exploration 
or discovery with the name of each explorer men- 
tioned. 

573. Give an account of the rule of Peter Stuyve- 
sant, touching on (a) character of the governor, (b) 
attempt of the settlers to secure a legislature, (c) 
overthrow. 

574. (a) Mention two fortifications erected by the 
Trench, in the Champlain valley, (b)' Why was the 
possession of this valley important to the French ? 

575. Give an account of the life of Benjamin 
Franklin previous to the Revolution. 

576. Explain what the colonists meant by the 
watchword " No taxation without representation." 

577. Mention tivo important battles of the Revo- 
lution and show the importance of each. 

578. Mention (a) the 13 original States, (b) two 
States admitted during Washington's administration. 

579. Give an account of the Nullification Act of 
South Carolina (1832), touching on (a) cause, (b) 
results. 

580. Mention two improvements in transportation 
and travel made in New York state between 1812 
and 1840. Show how these improvements affected 
(a) New York city, (b) the western portions of the 
state. 



336 LATER REGENTS HISTORY QUESTIONS 



581. Give an account of the settlement of Califor- 
nia. 

582. Explain why the Fugitive Slave Law (1850) 
was greatly disliked by the North. 

583. (a) Mention two important events in the ad- 
ministration of each of the following: (a) McKinley,, 

(b) Roosevelt, (c) Give an account of one of the 
events mentioned. 

584. Show how a foreigner may become a citizen 
of the United States. 

585. Mention the department of government that 
has charge of (a) levying taxes, (b) collecting taxes. 

(c) deciding disputes in regard to the meaning of 
the Constitution, (d) the army and navy, (e) mak- 
ing treaties. 

XL. June 15, 190 % 

586. Describe the routes by which goods were 
brought from Asia to Europe before Vasco da Gam a 
made the voyage to India around Cape of Good 
Hope. 

587. Give a brief account of a noted exploration of 

(a) Ponce de Leon, (b) Carrier. 

588. Give an account of an exploration in ]STew 
York state by (a) Hudson, (b) Champlain. 

589. Show the importance in the French and In- 
dian War of each of the following: (a) Louisburg, 

(b) Quebec, (c) Fort Duquesne. 

590. Describe by drawing or otherwise one of the 
following: (a) a colonial Dutch mansion, (b) a 
colonial fireplace, (c) a colonial kitchen. 



LATER REGENTS HISTORY QUESTIONS 337 

591. Define or explain two of the following: (a) 
the Stamp Act, (b) the Townshend Acts, (c) the 
Mutiny Act, (d) Writs of Assistance. 

592. (a) Mention four important cities in the* 
colonies during the American Revolution. Which 
of the cities mentioned was (b) the largest, (c) the 
longest held by the British troops ? 

593. Give three reasons why Burgoyne was forced 
to surrender. 

594. Explain what Washington meant by saying 
of the government of the United States (1783- 
1789), " We are one nation to-day, and thirteen to- 
morrow." 

595. Sitate three important powers given to Con- 
gress by the Constitution of the United States. 

596. (a) Mention the two houses of Congress. 
State in regard to the houses of Congress (b) how 
the members of each are chosen, (c) why two houses 
are better than one. 

597. (a) Mention three important events of Mon- 
roe's administration, (b) Give an account of one 
event mentioned. 

598. Mention five important events of the Civil 
War and show the importance of each. 

599. Mention and explain an important result of 
the invention of each of the following: (a) the cotton- 
.gin, (b) the sewing-machine, (c) the electric tele- 
: graph. 

600. Show what additions of territory have been 
gained by the United States through conquest. 



Key to Regents History Questions 



Note.— Eeferences preceded by p. are to pages; the rest are to para- 
graphs as numbered. 

1. 50 21. 174-179 

2. a 8, b 19, c 10, d 15, 22. a 357, b 282, c 277, 
e 25 d 141, e 291. 

3. 56-59, 148, 149 23. a 270-272, b 275, 

4. a 179, b 183, c 184 c 245, d 282, e 341, 

5. 280, 281 . f 262, g 291 

6. 18^235 24. 310 

7. 317-329 25. a 261, b 270, c 289, 

8. 36, 37 d 347, e 349 

9. 299 26. 299 

10. a 161, b 313, c 31, 27. 52-60 

d 284, e 157, f 284, g 28. a 54, b 54, c 54, d 

235 82, e 57 

11. 369 29. 69 

12. ^3^ 34, c 39, d 32 30. a 372, b 363, c 374, 

13. a 28, b 32, c 29 d 252, 292, e 373, f 

14. a 32, 40^ b 42-44 127, g 381 

15. 42-47 31. 70-78 

16. a 50, b 61, c 64, d 32. a 31, b 34 
11, e 25 33. 55-60 

17. 151 34. a 25, b 61, c 191, d 

18. 14-22 328, e 252, 292 

19. a 11, b 172, c 193, 35. a 158, b 157, c 163, 
d 327, ep- 157 d 159, J 64 

20. a 142, 143, b 154- 36. a 385, b 363, c 54, d 
168, c 142 184, e 173 

(339) 



340 KEY TO REGENTS HISTORY QUESTIONS 



37. a 245, b 245, c 249 

38. a 36, b 261, 291 

39. 318 

40. a, b, 37, c-e, 276 

41. a 167, b 206, c 307, 
d 258, 349 

42. a 83-90, b 96, c 92 

43. 106 

44. a 113, b 115 

45. a 115, b 117 

46. a 191, b 292, 294, 
295, 301, 311, c 177- 
179, d 385, e 345, f 
291, g 347, h 277, 288 

47. a 24, 25, b 15, 20 

48. a 291, b 243, c 37, d 
284, e 312 

49. 113-117 

50. 9 

51. 134 

.52. a 87, b 96 

53. 140, 141 

54. a 127, b 80, c 61, d 
144, e 192 

.55. a 235, b 245, c 264, 

d 343, e 348 
56 276 

57. a 52, b 363, c 248, 
d 326, e 328 

58. 372 376 

59. 202 

60. 349 



61. 3 7 

62. 11 

63. 368 

64. 70, 78 

65. a 18, b 52 

66. 38, 53, 100, 128, 169, 
170, 208, 222 

67. a 50, b 69 

68. a 123, b 127, 133 

69. a 142, 143, b p. 78 

70. 229 

71. a 371, b, c, p. 158 

72. a 245, b 270, 307 

73. 132 

74. a 132, 134, 135, 140, 
b 132, 134, 140 

75. a 141, b 142, 143 

76. 2 

77. 8-26 

78. 31 

79. a 150, b 154 

80. a 372, b, c, 122 

81. 19, 20 

82. a 245-249, b 280-283 

83. 357 

84. a 372, b 380, c 46, 
d 380, e 139 

85. 36, 37 

86. 339-342 

87. 145 

88. a 150, b 56-58, c 
146-147, d 152, e 148 



KEY TO REGENTS HISTORY QUESTIONS 341 



89. 154-170 

90. a 172, b 164 

91. 368 

92. 56 

93. a 156, b 39 

94. a 134, 140, b 141 

95. a 146-147, b 58, c 
142 

96. 170 

97. 230 

98. 241 

99. 262, 263 

100. 294-296 

101. a 333, b 321, c 334 

102. a 192, b 369, c 177- 
179, d 369. e 177 

103. 186, 187 

104. 173, 385 

105. a 191, b 229 
106-107. p. 8 

108. 150 

109. a 113, b 41, c 50 

110. 134 

111. a 229, b 200, 202, 
227-230, c 183-184, d 
369 

112. 241 

113. 292 

114. 282 

115. a 235, b 264, c 272, 
d 294, e 346 

116. 317 



117. a 335, 336, b 328, 

118. a 369, b 127, c 157, 
d 235, e 284, f 292, 
295, 301, 311 

119. a 320, b 234, c 312, 
d 252 

120. a 252, b 311, c 157, 
161 

121. a 3, b 6, 7, c p. 8 

122. 24, 26 

123. a 267, b 365, c 16, 
d 10 

124. 17, 150 

125. 69 

126. a 123, b 127, 132- 
140 

127. 150 

128. 170 

129. 175, 179, 184 

130. a 139, b 157, c p. 
94, d 183, 184, e 172, 
f 176, g 385, h p. 94 

131. a 205, 371, b 206, 

132. a 225. b 227, c 230, 
d 224 

133. a 245, b 248 

134. a 267-269, b 261, 
c 369, d 259 

135. a p. 146, b 325,329 

136. p. 8 

137. a 55, b-d 52 

138. a 127, b 385, c 385 
d 134, e 126, 141 



342 KEY TO KEGENTS HISTOEY QUESTIONS 



139. a 224, b 146, 147, 
c 152, d 190, e 142, 
143 

140. 150 

141. a 128, b 169, c 
201, 202 

142. 236 

143. 282 

144. 271, 272 

145. a 173, b 385, c 248, 
a 280, e318 

146. a 261, b 299, c 368, 
d 343, e 347 

147. a 267, b 369, c 63, 
d 374, e 165, f 369, g 
229, h 279 

148. a 180, b 182 
149 192 

150. a 183, b 369, c 183, 
d 182, 194, e p. 94 

151. a 24, b 15, c 3, d 
83-85 

152. a 369, b 47, 48, 88, 
267, 369 

153. 28, 29 

154. 38, 39 

155. a 123, b 134, c 140, 
d 144, e 141 

156. 170 

157. a 271, b 252, c 272 

158. 294-296 

159. a 173, b 183, c 281, 
d 364 



160. a 307, b 325, c 329' 

161. a 163, b 37, c 267 r 
d 274, e 334 

162. a 372, b 20, c 50, d 
369, e 385, f 183, g 
369, h 292, 297 

163. a 202, b 206, c 207„ 
d 207, e 208-222 

164. p. 139 

165. 184 

166. 2 

167. 70-78 

168. a 31, b 32 

169. 52, 54 

170. 368 

171. 12, 21, 26, 83, 119' 

172. 112-118 

173. 123-141 

174. 170 

175. a 172, b 173, c 173„ 
d 175, e 184 

176. a 309, b 315, c 330,, 
d 328 

177. a 372, b 61, c 19, d 
165, e 380, f 246, g; 
385, h 245, 251-253,. 
264, 266, 279, 289, 
292, i 247, 272, 281, 
k 357 

178. 224 

179. a 227, b 239, 22a, 
230 



KEY TO REGENTS HISTORY QUESTIONS 



343 



130. 230 

181. 10, 11, 15, 10-20, 

24, 25 

182. a 41, b 48, c 64-67 
d 109, 110 

183. 150 

184. 123-141 

185. 185-186 

186. a 363, b 363, c 172, 
d 175, e 385, f 385, g 
385 

187. 222, 223 

188. 235 

189. a 234, b 246 

190. 194 

191. a 271, b 37, c 307, 
315 

192. 299 

193. 244 

194. a 246, b 372, c 332, 
cl 175, e 281, f 345, g 
375 

195. a 369, b 364, c 334 

196. a 15, b 267, c 365, 
d 16, e 84 

197. 25 

198. 52-55 

199. 60 

200. 61, 62 

201. 123-141 

202. a 170, b 185 

203. 182 



204. a 201, b 222 

205. 241, 244 

206. a 38, b 568, c 37, d 
347 

207. a 302, b 332, c 329,. 
d 337 

208. 234 

209. 236, 237 

210. 236 

211. a 1, b 4, c 3 

212. a 32, b 17 

213. 48 

214. a, b 132, c 141 

215. 170 

216. a 175, 179, 184, b 
179, c 180 

217. 229, 230 

218. a 245, b 249 

219. 36, 37 

220. 339 „ 

221. a 282, b 276, c 365' 

222. a 24, b 368, c 11, d 
82, e 380, f 292, g 318- 

223. 368 

224. a 233, b 240 

225. a 242, b 238, c 240 

226. a 24, b 26 

227. a 11, b 368 

228. a 16, b 10, c 368, d 
368, e 368, f 51, g 18,. 
h 83 

229. 83-119 



344 KEY TO REGENTS HISTORY QUESTION'S 



230. a 123, b 144, c 141 

231. 186 

232. 170 

233. a 231, b 232, c 235 

234. a 36, b 188, c 261, 
d 291 

235. a, b, 294-297, c, d, 
300, e 308 

236. 316, 318, 319 

237. a 346, b 349, c 363 

238. 245 

239. 248 

240. 248, 249 

241. 368, 10, 11, 16, 17, 
18 

242. a 32, b 17, 150 

243. 123 141 

244. 170 

245. 172-184 

246. 170 

247. 203-205 

248. 230 

249. 234 

250. 251-254 

251. 279-280 

252. 291 

253. 307 

254. 194, 246-248, 332, 
360 

255. p. 158 

.256. a 24, b 8, c 365, d 
18, e 368, f 19, g 31 



257. 11, 17, 150, 368 

258. 51-60 

259. 150 

260. 142 

261. a 172, b 173, c 173, 
d 179 

262. a 228 

263. 242 

264. 259 

265. 279-282 

266. a 307, b 337 

267. a 205, b 242, c 330, 
d 362 

268. 267 

269. 262, 263 

270. 261 

271. a 3, b 5 

272. a 34, b 29 

273. 116, 40, 47, 61, 
107 

274. a 134, b 140 

275. 171, 172, 190 

276. a 191, b 225, c 227- 
230 

277. a 245, b 250 

278. a p 158, b 368 

279. a 291, b 298, c 307, 
d 283, e 288 

280. a 323, b 318, 325 

281. a 276, b 347 

282. a 157, b 161, c 165, 
d 229, e 204, f 385, g 



KEY TO REGENTS HISTORY QUESTIONS 34& 



372, h 232, 385 

283. 264 

284. 252-254 

285. 252-254, 272 

286. 368 

287. a 72, b 73 

288. a 372, b 18, c 82, d 
34, ell2, f 11, g50, 
h 204, i 61 

289. a, b, p. 66, c 152 

290. 128, 201 

291. 159-162 

292. 172 

293. 229 

294. 368 

295. 294-297 

296. 326 

297. a 245, 251-253, 264, 
266, 279, 289, 292, b 
311, c 347 

298. 274 

299. 283-288 

300. 277-282 

301. a 6, 7, b 267, c 10, 
d 20, e 16 

302. a 17, 18, b 11, 368 

303. 40-47 

304. a 134, b 139, c 78, 
d 144, e 137 

305. 36,37 

306. 142,170 

307. 385 



308. 368 

309. 230 

310. 368 

311. 308-316 

312. a 324, b 345, c 374,. 
d 309, e318, f 357, g 
318 

313. 333, 334 

314. a 339-342, b 352- 
356, c 363 

315. 359-361 

316. a 26, b 21, c 87 

317. 28, 29 

318. 69 

319. a 123, b 141 

320. 170 

321. 182 

322. a 254, b 241, c 275 

323. 37 

324. a 200, 202, 227- 
230, 236, b 252, 292,. 
c 320, 321, 327, 329,, 
345 

325. 299 

326. 316, 319, 325 

327. a 61, b 372, c 385 r . 
d 305, e 276, f 292, 
294, 295, 301, 311, g 
374 

328. 277-282 

329. a 288, b 278 

330. 242-243 



348 



KEY TO REGENTS HISTORY QUESTIONS 



432. 368 

433. a 165, b 172, c 276, 
d 134, e 195, f 374, g 
298, h 302 

434. 215 

435. 211 

436. 3-6 

437. a 267, b 19, c 16 

438. 96 

439. a 34, b 53 

440. 36, 37 

441. p. 2 

442. a 157, b 164, c 165, 
d 168 

443. a 161, 165, b 173, 
174, 177, c 164, dl82, 
e 194, f 229 

444. a 184, b 189 

445. 244-249, 280-282 

446. a 267-269, b 282, c 
358 

447. a 325, b 312, c 337 

448. 152 

449. a 212, b 210, c 212, 



d 210, e 

450. 219 

451. 4 

452. p. 2 

453. a 82, 
d 50 

454. a9l, 

455. a 125 



208 



b 41, c 113, 

b 106 

. b 75 



456. 191 

457. b 159, d 167, c 168, 
a 172, e 173 

458. 173, 174, 183 

459. 222 

460. 241 

461. 260 

462. 271, 272 

463. a 312, b 367, c 350* 

464. 208 

465. a 216, b 210, c 369, 
d 212, e 214 

466. a 1 8, b 368, c 368, 
d 25, e 20, f 9, g 15 

467. 11, 17, 32 

468. a 113, b 61, c 50 

469. 72 

470. a p. 66, b. p. 65, 
c p. 65, d p. 67 

471. a 170, b 159 

472. a 172, b 195, c 181 

473. a 176, b 175 

474. 211, 217 

475. a 241, b 261, c 264, 
d 261 

476. a 365, b-e, 276 

477. 328 

478. 359 

479. a 260, b 345, c 258, 
350 

480. 209 

481. a 18, b 24 



KEY TO REGENTS HISTORY QUESTIONS 347 



482. a 73, b 70 


508. 


360 


483. 54 


509. 


a 208, b 211, c 312, 


484. 132, 134 


d 218, e 209, f 380, g 


485. 150, 151 


212 


486. 156, 157 


510. 


a 208, b 279, 339, 


487. 172, 173, 175, 178, 


348, 351 


179 


511. 


a 9, b 83, c 86 


488. 169 


512. 


a 11, b 32 


489. a p. 2, b 365 


513. 


30 


490. a 277, b 280, c 307 


514. 


a 108, b 75 


491. a 37, b 276, c 259 


515. 


a 61, 64, 53, b 101 


492. 307 


516. 


a 161, b 165, c 195 


493. 334 


517. 


173 


494. 220 


518. 


a. p. 158, b 241 


495. 212 


519. 


250 


496. a 3, b 7 


520. 


261 


497. 71 


521. 


a 239, b|298, c 293 


498. a 41, b 72, c 91, d 


522. 


a 338, b 312, c 329 


112, e 34, f 82, g 61 

7 7 ' O 


523. 


a 177, b 357, c 259 


499. 83-95 


524. 


105 


500. a 60, b 87, c 60, d 


525. 


220 


36, e 48 


526. 


1 


■501. a 100, b 78, 148, c 


527. 


a 365, b 9, c 15 


101-103 


528. 


a 94, b 91 


502. 225 


529. 


61, 64 


503. a 222, b 207 


530. 


a-c 150, d 67, e 69, 


504. a 247, 248, b 246, 


f 


80, g, h 55 


c 248 


531. 


138-140 


505. e 236, c 264, d 270, 


532. a 173, b 182, c 196- 


a 311, b 345 


199 


506. a 316, b 323, c 328 


533. 


225, 236, 240, 245 


507. a 242, b 357, c 361 


534. 


a 278, b 280, c 282 



348 



KEY TO REGENTS HISTORY QUESTIONS 



535. a 248, b 245, 251- 
253, 264, 266, 279, 
289, 292, c 252, 292, d 
260, e 276 

536. 291 

537. 320, 323 

538. 361 

539. 340 

540. 209 

541. a 24, b 18 

542. 71 

543. a 372, b 82, c 91, d 
18, e 11 

544. a 53, 72, b 78 

545. 200 

546. a 167, b 172 

547. a 191, b 194 

548. 241, 242, 244 

549. 247 

550. 294-297 

551. a 314, b 333, c 323 

552. 345, [347, 348, 349, 
350 

553. 357 

554. 208 

555. a 217, b 210, c 212, 
d 210, e 217 

556. 5 

557. a 11, b 96, c 141, d 
119 



558. a 88, b 87, c 88, d 
119, e 90, f 386, g 368 

559. 111-118 

560. a 368, b 50 

561. 75 

562. 172 

563. a 179, b 185, c 172 
d 173, e 183, 184 

564. 24 L 

565. a 37, b 317 

566. 368 

567. a 262, b 276, 

568. 206 

569. 212 

570. 311 

571. 71 

572. 24, 25 

573. 96, 106 

574. 137 

575. 191 

576. 158 

577. 175 
179 

578. p. 158 

579. a 253, V270-272 

580. 259, 260 

581. 291 

582. 239 

583. 359 

584. 221 



KEY TO REGENTS HISTORY QUESTIONS 349 



585. a 210, b 214, c 217, 

d 212, e 212 
-586. 3 

587. a, 267, b 16 

588. a 83, b 18 

589. a 139, b, 141, c 134 

590. a 148, 199, b, c , p. 
65 

591. a 159, b 164, c 159, 
d 165 



592. a, b, 224, c 200 

593. 180 

594. 202 

595. 210 

596. 208 

597. 261-263 

598. 314, 316, 325, 326, 
332 

599. a 37, b, c, 276, 600 
p. 168 



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Experience has led many teachers to believe that this is the most 
effective way to teach spelling; and certainly if this method is 
adopted no better manual than this can be used. 

Paper, 16mo, pp. 100, 25 cts., 82.00 per dozen 



JAN 2 1907 



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